Regulation of bone mass in endocrine diseases including diabetes

Hormonal regulation plays a key role in determining bone mass in humans. Both skeletal growth and bone loss in health and disease is critically controlled by endocrine factors and low bone mass is a feature of both excess and deficiency of a broad range of hormones. This article explores the impact of diabetes and thyroid, parathyroid, sex steroid and growth hormone disorders on bone mass and fracture risk. Evidence for current management strategies is provided along with suggested practice points and gaps in knowledge for future research.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

Hormonal regulation plays a critical role in determining bone mass in humans, with both skeletal growth and bone loss being controlled by endocrine factors. This article explores the impact of diabetes and disorders related to thyroid, parathyroid, sex steroids, and growth hormones on bone mass and fracture risk. It provides evidence for current management strategies and highlights areas for future research.