Journal
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
Volume 658, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
EDP SCIENCES S A
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202142128
Keywords
techniques: photometric; techniques: radial velocities; stars: individual: TOI-1238; stars: late-type; planetary systems
Categories
Funding
- German Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG)
- Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
- European Union through FEDER/ERF funds
- NASA's Science Mission Directorate
- NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [PID2019-109522GBC5[1:4]]
- AEI [MDM-2017-0737]
- NASA [NNX17AG24G]
- DFG [JE 701/5-1, SPP 1992]
- Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion [PID2019-109522GB-C52, PID2019107061GB-C64, PID2019-110689RB-100]
- Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion through Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia [SEV-2017-0709]
- European Union [895525]
- DFG Research Unit [FOR 2544, RE 2694/4-1]
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie
- Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia
- Landessternwarte Koonigstuhl
- Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai
- Insitut fur Astrophysik Gottingen
- Universidad, Complutense de Madrid
- Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
- Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias
- Hamburger Sternwarte
- Centro de Astrobiologia
- Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman
- Spanish Ministry of Economy
- state of Baden-Wuttemberg
- German Science Foundation (DFG)
- Klaus Tschira Foundation (KTS)
- Junta de Andalucia
- Marie Curie Actions (MSCA) [895525] Funding Source: Marie Curie Actions (MSCA)
- NASA [1001852, NNX17AG24G] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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The discovery of two super-Earth candidates orbiting the nearby dwarf star TOI-1238 was confirmed using combined photometric and spectroscopic analysis. The planets have unique properties and characteristics that contribute to our understanding of planetary systems and their formation and evolution.
Context. The number of super-Earth and Earth-mass planet discoveries has increased significantly in the last two decades thanks to the Doppler radial velocity and planetary transit observing techniques. Either technique can detect planet candidates on its own, but the power of a combined photometric and spectroscopic analysis is unique for an insightful characterization of the planets, which in turn has repercussions for our understanding of the architecture of planetary systems and, therefore, their formation and evolution. Aims. Two transiting planet candidates with super-Earth radii around the nearby (d = 70.64 +/- 0.06 pc) K7-M0 dwarf star TOI-1238 were announced by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which observed the field of TOI-1238 in four different sectors. We aim to validate their planetary nature using precise radial velocities taken with the CARMENES spectrograph. Methods. We obtained 55 CARMENES radial velocity measurements that span the 11 months between 9 May 2020 and 5 April 2021. For a better characterization of the parent star's activity, we also collected contemporaneous optical photometric observations at the Joan Oro and Sierra Nevada observatories and retrieved archival photometry from the literature. We performed a combined TESS+CARMENES photometric and spectroscopic analysis by including Gaussian processes and Keplerian orbits to account for the stellar activity and planetary signals simultaneously. Results. We estimate that TOI-1238 has a rotation period of 40 +/- 5 d based on photometric and spectroscopic data. The combined analysis confirms the discovery of two transiting planets, TOI-1238 b and c, with orbital periods of 0.764597(-0.00001)(+0.000013) d and 3.294736(-0.000036)(+0.000034), masses of 3.76(-1.07)(+1.15) M-circle plus and 8.32(-1.88)(+1.90) M-circle plus, and radii of 1.21(-0.10)(+1.11) R-circle plus and 2.11(-1)(.1)(4)(+0.14) R-circle plus. They orbit their parent star at semimajor axes of 0.0137 +/- 0.0004 au and 0.036 +/- 0.001 au, respectively. The two planets are placed on opposite sides of the radius valley for M dwarfs and lie between the star and the inner border of TOI-1238's habitable zone. The inner super-Earth TOI-1238 b is one of the densest ultra-short-period planets ever discovered (rho = 11.7(-3.4)(+4.2) g cm(-3)). The CARMENES data also reveal the presence of an outer, non-transiting, more massive companion with an orbital period and radial velocity amplitude of >= 600 d and >= 70 m s(-1), which implies a likely mass of M >= 2 M root 1 - e(2) M-Jup and a separation >= 1.1 au from its parent star.
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