Squatting Throwing Is Not Associated With Increased Medial Elbow Torque in Youth Baseball Catchers

Purpose: To compare medial elbow stress during squatting throwing, standing throwing, and maximum effort throwing and to analyze its relationships with throwing variables and the hip joint internal rotation (IR) range of motion (ROM) in youth baseball catchers. Methods: Forty-five youth baseball catchers were recruited. Exclusion criteria included pain during throwing, history of surgery, or upper-extremity injuries within 12 months. Catchers performed 5 throws for each of the following throwing conditions: squatting throwing, standing throwing, and maximum effort throwing. Catchers were outfitted with a wearable sensor sleeve that recorded the medial elbow torque, arm speed, and shoulder rotation. Ball velocity was measured using a radar gun. Results: Final analysis included 42 catchers (mean age, 11.5 +/- 1.2 years; mean catcher experience, 16.7 +/- 10.3 months). The medial elbow torque was significantly greater during maximum effort throwing (19.0 +/- 5.2 Nm) than during squatting throwing (14.3 +/- 5.4 Nm) and standing throwing (15.7 +/- 4.7 Nm) (both P < .001); there was no significant difference between squatting throwing and standing throwing. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the ball velocity was significantly positively associated with the medial elbow torque during squatting throwing and standing throwing (P = .023 and P = .029, respectively). During squatting throwing, the hip IR ROM on the throwing side was significantly negatively associated with the medial elbow torque (P = .011). Conclusions: The medial elbow torque during squatting throwing was equivalent to that during standing throwing. Increased medial elbow torque was associated with greater ball velocity during squatting throwing and standing throwing and with decreasing hip joint IR ROM on the throwing side during squatting throwing. Evaluation and stretching of the hip joint IR ROM on the throwing side may be important to decrease elbow stress during squatting throwing in youth baseball catchers.

Automated summary

This study aimed to compare medial elbow stress during squatting throwing, standing throwing, and maximum effort throwing in youth baseball catchers, and analyze its relationships with throwing variables and hip joint internal rotation range of motion. The results showed that the medial elbow torque during squatting throwing was equivalent to that during standing throwing. Increased medial elbow torque was associated with greater ball velocity during squatting throwing and standing throwing, and with decreasing hip joint internal rotation range of motion on the throwing side during squatting throwing.