Unsteady flow of a Maxwell hybrid nanofluid past a stretching/shrinking surface with thermal radiation effect

The non-Newtonian fluid model reflects the behavior of the fluid flow in global manufacturing progress and increases product performance. Therefore, the present work strives to analyze the unsteady Maxwell hybrid nanofluid toward a stretching/shrinking surface with thermal radiation effect and heat transfer. The partial derivatives of the multivariable differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations in a specified form by applying appropriate transformations. The resulting mathematical model is clarified by utilizing the bvp4c technique. Different control parameters are investigated to see how they affect the outcomes. The results reveal that the skin friction coefficient increases by adding nanoparticles and suction parameters. The inclusion of the Maxwell parameter and thermal radiation effect both show a declining tendency in the local Nusselt number, and as a result, the thermal flow efficacy is reduced. The reduction of the unsteadiness characteristic, on the other hand, considerably promotes the improvement of heat transfer performance. The existence of more than one solution is proven, and this invariably leads to an analysis of solution stability, which validates the first solution viability.

Automated summary

This study analyzed the effect of the unsteady Maxwell hybrid nanofluid on a surface, finding that the skin friction coefficient increases with the addition of nanoparticles and suction parameters, while the thermal flow efficacy decreases. However, reducing the unsteadiness characteristic significantly improves heat transfer performance.