Smartphone-Based Dual-Channel Immunochromatographic Test Strip with Polymer Quantum Dot Labels for Simultaneous Detection of Cypermethrin and 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid

Currently, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) are the primary methods used to detect pesticides and their metabolites for biomonitoring of exposure. Although GC-MS and LC-MS can provide accurate and sensitive measurements, these techniques are not suitable for point-of-care or in-field biomonitoring applications. The objective of this work is to develop a smartphone-based dual-channel immunochromatographic test strip (ICTS) for on-site biomonitoring of exposure to cypermethrin by simultaneous detection of cypermethrin and its metabolite, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). Polymer carbon dots (PCDs) with ultrahigh fluorescent brightness were synthesized and used as a signal amplifier in ICTS assay. Cypermethrin (a representative pyrethroid pesticide) and its major metabolite 3-PBA were simultaneously detected to provide more comprehensive analysis of cypermethrin exposure. After competitive immunoreactions between the target sample and the coating antigens preloaded on the test line, the tracer antibody (PCD-conjugated antibody) was quantitatively captured on the test lines. The captured PCDs were inversely proportional to the amount of the target compound in the sample. The red fluorescence on the test line was then recorded using a smartphone-based device capable of conducting image analysis and recording. Under optimal conditions, the sensor showed excellent linear responses for detecting cypermethrin and 3-PBA ranging from 1 to 100 ng/mL and from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL, respectively, and the limits of detection were calculated to be similar to 0.35 ng/mL for cypermethrin and similar to 0.04 ng/mL for 3-PBA. The results demonstrate that the ICTS device is promising for accurate point-of-care biomonitoring of pesticide exposure.

Automated summary

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) are commonly used methods to detect pesticides, but not suitable for on-site biomonitoring. A smartphone-based dual-channel immunochromatographic test strip (ICTS) was developed for simultaneous detection of cypermethrin and its metabolite, promising for accurate point-of-care biomonitoring of pesticide exposure. Polymer carbon dots (PCDs) were used as signal amplifier, showing excellent linear responses for detecting cypermethrin and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid. This innovative device provides a comprehensive analysis of pesticide exposure in a convenient and efficient manner.