Electrostatically induced pK(a) shifts in oligopeptides: the upshot of neighboring side chains

pK(a) values of homorepeat hexapeptides with a 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene (DBO) chromophore attached at the peptide C termini, through an asparagine derivative (Dbo), namely His(6)-Dbo (H-6), Lys(6)-Dbo (K-6), and Arg(6)-Dbo (R-6), were determined by a novel fluorescence-based method. The fluorescence lifetime of Dbo in the peptides (tau) was measured as a function of pH. The side chains collide with Dbo intramolecularly and quench it efficiently only when they are deprotonated (i.e., pH >= side chain pK(a)). The pK(a) values of the H-6, K-6, and R-6 peptides, attributable to side chain ionization, were found to be depressed compared to the pK(a) values of the His, Lys, and Arg residues in their free amino acid forms. We further looked into the structural changes of the peptides by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations; the peptides were structurally more expanded when their side chains are protonated. The structural expansion of the peptides reflects an electrostatic repulsion between the protonated side chain residues, which also accounts for the observed decrease in pK(a) values, which corresponds to a facilitated deprotonation, assisted by electrostatic repulsion.

Automated summary

The pK(a) values of homorepeat hexapeptides with a DBO chromophore attached at the peptide C termini were determined using a fluorescence-based method. The ionization of the side chains resulted in decreased pK(a) values compared to the free amino acid forms. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the protonation of side chains led to structural expansion of the peptides.