Characterization of nirS- and nirK-containing communities and potential denitrification activity in paddy soil from eastern China

Denitrification is important for nitrogen balance in agricultural ecosystems. It is well established that the abundance and structure of denitrifier are strongly influenced by environmental factors. However, knowledge of how nirS- and nirK-harboring microbial communities vary in paddy soils of different climatic regions is lacking, along with how these microbes are associated with denitrification potential. In this study, forty paddy soils from tropical, sub-tropical, warm-temperate, and mid-temperate climate zones were collected. The results showed that soils from the sub-tropical zone had the highest denitrification rates. The abundances of nirS and nirK had a strong negative association with C/N ratio and clearly varied among the four climate zones. Variation in nirS- and nirK-containing communities existed across sampling sites from each climate zone in terms of alpha- and beta-diversity. Soil pH and climate factors significantly affected community diversity. Network analysis revealed that different climate regions had similar keystone taxa like Azospira, and Achromobacter, which were significantly related to denitrification rates. Structural equation modeling indicated that the differences in denitrifying enzyme activity among the four climate zones were mostly explained by climate factors, soil pH, and nirS biodiversity. Specifically, the biodiversity of nirS was more important than that of nirK in regulating potential denitrification activity in paddy soil, suggesting that nirS-type denitrifiers may have high activity under anaerobic conditions. Our results allow a deeper insight into the relative contribution of nirS- and nirK- containing communities to the soil denitrification activity in paddy soils across climate zones. This study highlighted the need of manipulation experiment to explain how denitrifier biodiversity affect potential denitrification activity in the future.

Automated summary

Denitrification is crucial for nitrogen balance in agricultural ecosystems. This study examined the differences in nirS- and nirK-harboring microbial communities in paddy soils from different climatic regions. The results showed that denitrification rates were highest in sub-tropical zone soils, with abundances of nirS and nirK varying significantly across climate zones and being influenced by C/N ratio, pH, and climate factors. Network analysis revealed key taxa related to denitrification rates, while structural equation modeling indicated that climate factors and nirS biodiversity primarily explained differences in denitrification potential among the four climate zones. This study emphasized the importance of understanding denitrifier biodiversity for future manipulation experiments.