Journal
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Volume 34, Issue 13, Pages -Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109282
Keywords
anodes; hard carbon; sodium-ion batteries; sodium storage; whole-voltage-region
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [22179077, 51774251]
- Shanghai Science and Technology Commission's 2020 Science and Technology In-novation Action Plan [20511104003]
- Natural Science Foundation in Shanghai [21ZR1424200]
- Hebei Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars [B2017203313]
- Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars [CG2014003002]
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This study reports an ultrafast sodium storage throughout the whole-voltage region by rationally adjusting the physical parameters of hard carbons through a ZnO-assisted etching strategy. It is found that the storage capacity of sodium is related to the p-band center of the carbon material, and the balance between adsorption energy and diffusion barrier is critical in improving charge-storage kinetics. The prepared hard carbon microspheres exhibit high rate performance and unprecedented electrochemical performance at extremely low temperature.
Efficient electrode materials, that combine high power and high energy, are the crucial requisites of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which have unwrapped new possibilities in the areas of grid-scale energy storage. Hard carbons (HCs) are considered as the leading candidate anode materials for SIBs, however, the primary challenge of slow charge-transfer kinetics at the low potential region (<0.1 V) remains unresolved till date, and the underlying structure-performance correlation is under debate. Herein, ultrafast sodium storage in the whole-voltage-region (0.01-2 V), with the Na+ diffusion coefficient enhanced by 2 orders of magnitude (approximate to 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1)) through rationally deploying the physical parameters of HCs using a ZnO-assisted bulk etching strategy is reported. It is unveiled that the Na+ adsorption energy (E-a) and diffusion barrier (E-b) are in a positive and negative linear relationship with the carbon p-band center, respectively, and balance of E-a and E-b is critical in enhancing the charge-storage kinetics. The charge-storage mechanism in HCs is evidenced through comprehensive in(ex) situ techniques. The as prepared HCs microspheres deliver a record high rate performance of 107 mAh g(-1) @ 50 A g(-1) and unprecedented electrochemical performance at extremely low temperature (426 mAh g(-1) @ -40 degrees C).
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