Descriptors for the Evaluation of Electrocatalytic Reactions: d-Band Theory and Beyond

Closing the carbon-, hydrogen-, and nitrogen cycle with renewable electricity holds promises for the mitigation of the facing environment and energy crisis, along with the continuing prosperity of the human society. Descriptors bridge the gap between the physicochemical factors of electrocatalysts and their boosted activity and serve as guiding principles during the rational design of electrocatalysts. The optimal adsorption strength of key intermediates is potentially accessed under the tendentious guidelines proposed by indicators, such as d-band center, Delta G(H), E-O*, coordination number (CN), bond length, etc. Here, in this review, a comprehensive summary of the recent advances achieved regarding the descriptors during the rational design of electrocatalysts that aims for the recycling of C/H/N-containing chemicals is offered. The review is initiated by providing the necessity of the development of efficient electrocatalysts and then the physics behind the d-band center is introduced. Then a summary of the recent progress relating to the development of electrocatalysts under the guidance of descriptors is reviewed. Following that, an extended discussion regarding the experimental or theoretical characterization of the d-band center and the descriptors beyond it is provided. Finally, perspectives and challenges in this area are offered.

Automated summary

Closing the carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen cycle with renewable electricity offers potential solutions for the current environmental and energy crisis, while also supporting the continued prosperity of human society. Descriptors play a crucial role in bridging the gap between the physicochemical factors of electrocatalysts and their enhanced activity, providing guiding principles for the rational design process. By following indicators like d-band center, Delta G(H), E-O*, coordination number (CN), and bond length, it is possible to access the optimal adsorption strength of key intermediates.