Journal
JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
Volume 22, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/pa.2719
Keywords
foreign direct investment; health expenditure; NARDL; poverty; trade openness
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This study assesses the potential asymmetric influence of FDI, trade openness, economic growth, health expenditure, and population size on income poverty in Pakistan using the NARDL approach. The findings reveal long-term asymmetries among these variables and suggest that population growth and health expenditures can ameliorate the deleterious repercussions of income poverty.
Poverty is considered a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that can be subjected to various socio-economic factors. This study aims to assess the potential asymmetric influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade openness, controlling for economic growth, health expenditure, and population size on income poverty in Pakistan from 1972 to 2018 by employing the Non-Linear Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (NARDL) approach. The results exhibit the presence of long-run asymmetries among FDI, trade openness, and income poverty. The results also reveal that poverty reacts to the positive and negative trends in FDI and trade openness atypically. Moreover, the findings also confirm that population growth and health expenditures ameliorate the deleterious repercussions of income poverty. For policy-makers having an interest in asymmetric nexus among FDI, trade openness, and income poverty. As per the findings, relevant policy level suggestions are recommended.
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