Plant wax biomarkers in human evolutionary studies

Plant wax biomarkers are an innovative proxy for reconstructing vegetation composition and structure, rainfall intensity, temperature, and other climatic and environmental dynamics. Traditionally used in earth sciences and climate studies from off-site ocean and lake records, biomarker research is now incorporated in archeology and paleoanthropology to answer questions relating to past human-environment interactions and human evolution. Biomarker research is generating new and exciting information on the ecological context in which Homo and its closest relatives evolved, adapted, and invented stone tool technologies. In this review, we examine plant wax biomarkers and their use in reconstructing past plant landscapes and hydroclimates. We summarize the applications of plant wax molecular proxies in archeological research, assess challenges relating to taphonomy, consider the role of modern plant ecosystems in interpreting ancient habitats, and examine case studies conducted at key paleoanthropological locations in eastern and southern Africa and Europe.

Automated summary

Plant wax biomarkers are innovative proxies for reconstructing past vegetation, climate, and environmental dynamics, traditionally used in earth sciences and now incorporated into archeology and paleoanthropology. They provide new insights into the ecological context of human evolution and stone tool technologies, with applications in understanding ancient habitats and interactions between humans and the environment.