Ephrin-A1 and the sheddase ADAM12 are upregulated in COVID-19

More than 3.5 million people have died globally from COVID-19, yet an effective therapy is not available. It is, therefore, important to understand the signaling pathways that mediate disease progression in order to identify new molecular targets for therapeutic development. Here, we report that the blood serum levels of ephrin-A1 and the sheddase ADAM12 were significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients treated at SUNY Downstate Hospital of Brooklyn, New York. Both ephrin-A1 and ADAM12 are known to be involved in inflammation and regulate endothelial cell permeability, thus providing a gateway to lung injury. The clinical outcome correlated with the ephrin-A1 and ADAM12 serum levels during the first week of hospitalization. In contrast, the serum levels of TNF alpha were elevated in only a small subset of the patients, and these same patients also had highly elevated levels of the sheddase ADAM17. These data indicate that ephrin-A1-mediated inflammatory signaling may contribute to COVID-19 disease progression more so than TNF alpha-mediated inflammatory signaling. They also support the notion that, in COVID-19 inflammation, ADAM12 sheds ephrin-A1, while ADAM17 sheds TNF alpha. Furthermore, the results suggest that elevated serum levels and activity of cytokines, such as TNF alpha, and other secreted inflammatory molecules, such as ephrin-A1, are not simply due to overexpression, but also to upregulation of sheddases that release them into the blood circulation. Our results identify ephrin-A1, ADAM12, and other molecules in the ephrin-A1 signaling pathway as potential pharmacological targets for treating COVID-19 inflammation.

Automated summary

Research has shown that serum levels of ephrin-A1 and ADAM12 are significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients and correlate with disease progression, indicating potential targets for therapeutic development. Conversely, TNF alpha and ADAM17 levels were elevated in a small subset of patients, suggesting a different inflammatory pathway in COVID-19 progression.