Journal
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
Volume 3, Issue 7, Pages 3392-3401Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00361
Keywords
full bio-based benzoxazine; synthesis; low-temperature curing performance; thermal stability; flame retardancy
Funding
- Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [LY19E030004]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51991355]
- Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo [202003N4309, 2019A610144]
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Three full bio-based benzoxazines were prepared using bio-based compounds that could cure completely below 200 degrees Celsius. The obtained polybenzoxazines showed low decomposition rates, high residual char at 800 degrees Celsius, and predicted good flame retardancy. These high-performance bio-based thermosets are suitable for plant fiber-reinforced composites applications.
For curing bio-based benzoxazine monomers completely below 200 C, bio-based phloretic acid (PHA), p-coumaric acid (pCOA), and ferulic acid (FEA) containing a carboxylic group as a phenol source and furfurylamine (FA) as an amine source are used to prepare three full bio-based benzoxazines (PHA-fa, pCOA-fa, and FEA-fa). Differential scanning calorimetry experimental results showed that PHA-fa, pCOA-fa, and FEA-fa possessed low ring-opening polymerization temperatures and Delta H values and could be cured completely below 200 degrees C. The obtained full bio-based polybenzoxazines (poly(PHA-fa), poly(pCOA-fa), and poly(FEA-fa)) presented lower decomposition rates and higher residual char at 800 degrees C. In addition, poly(PHA-fa), poly(pCOA-fa), and poly(FEA-fa) were predicted to have good flame retardancy due to low heat release capacity and total heat release values. From the above results, it is known that natural renewable resources, PHA, pCOA, FEA, and FA, contribute to obtaining high-performance bio-based thermosets with excellent low-temperature curing performance and high char at 800 degrees C, which make them suitable for applications of plant fiber-reinforced composites.
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