Genetic Mutations and Non-Coding RNA-Based Epigenetic Alterations Mediating the Warburg Effect in Colorectal Carcinogenesis

Simple Summary Colorectal cancer is one of the most leading causes of death worldwide. The Hallmark of colorectal cancer is the increase of glucose uptake and lactate production even in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. This review summarizes the genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations, focusing on non-coding RNA associated with the oncogenes, tumor suppresser genes, and enzymes involved in the Warburg effect, in addition to their clinical impacts on colorectal cancer. This knowledge may open the door for novel therapeutic approaches to target colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) development is a gradual process defined by the accumulation of numerous genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations leading to the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Despite significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC, it continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Even in the presence of oxygen, CRC cells bypass oxidative phosphorylation to produce metabolites that enable them to proliferate and survive-a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Understanding the complex glucose metabolism in CRC cells may support the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Here we discuss the most recent findings on genetic mutations and epigenetic modulations that may positively or negatively regulate the Warburg effect in CRC cells. We focus on the non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-based epigenetics, and we present a perspective on the therapeutic relevance of critical molecules and ncRNAs mediating the Warburg effect in CRC cells. All the relevant studies were identified and assessed according to the genes and enzymes mediating the Warburg effect. The findings summarized in this review should provide a better understanding of the relevance of genetic mutations and the ncRNA-based epigenetic alterations to CRC pathogenesis to help overcome chemoresistance.

Automated summary

Colorectal cancer is characterized by increased glucose uptake and lactate production, known as the Warburg effect, even in the presence of oxygen. This review summarizes the genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations, and non-coding RNA associated with oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in colorectal cancer, as well as their clinical impacts. Understanding these mechanisms may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for treating colorectal cancer, which remains a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.