Journal
PHARMACEUTICALS
Volume 14, Issue 9, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ph14090940
Keywords
thymoquinone; lycopene; organophosphates; oxidative stress; inflammatory cytokines; caspase 3; neurotoxicity
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Funding
- Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-track Research Funding Program
- Taif University, Saudi Arabia [TURSP-2020/269]
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The study demonstrated that thymoquinone and/or lycopene showed significant protective effects against chlorpyrifos-induced neurotoxicity, likely through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
CPF (chlorpyrifos) is an organophosphate pesticide used in agricultural and veterinary applications. Our experiment aimed to explore the effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and/or lycopene (LP) against CPF-induced neurotoxicity. Wistar rats were categorized into seven groups: first group served as a control (corn oil only); second group, TQ (10 mg/kg); third group, LP (10 mg/kg); fourth group, CPF (10 mg/kg) and deemed as CPF toxic control; fifth group, TQ + CPF; sixth group, (LP + CPF); and seventh group, (TQ + LP + CPF). CPF intoxication inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AchE), decreased glutathione (GSH) content, and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress biomarker. Furthermore, CPF impaired the activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) along with enhancement of the level of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1 beta. CPF evoked apoptosis in brain tissue. TQ or LP treatment of CPF-intoxicated rats greatly improved AchE activity, oxidative state, inflammatory responses, and cell death. Co-administration of TQ and LP showed better restoration than their sole treatment. In conclusion, TQ or LP supplementation may alleviate CPF-induced neuronal injury, most likely due to TQ or LPs' antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.
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