Journal
GLYCOCONJUGATE JOURNAL
Volume 33, Issue 4, Pages 499-512Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9694-y
Keywords
Maillard reaction; Carbohydrate chemistry; Advanced glycation endproducts AGE; Fragmentation pathways; beta-Dicarbonyl cleavage; Amide-AGEs; Oxidative stress
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Initially investigated as a color formation process in thermally treated foods, nowadays, the relevance of the Maillard reaction in vivo is generally accepted. Many chronic and age-related diseases such as diabetes, uremia, atherosclerosis, cataractogenesis and Alzheimer's disease are associated with Maillard derived advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and alpha-dicarbonyl compounds as their most important precursors in terms of reactivity and abundance. However, the situation in vivo is very challenging, because Maillard chemistry is paralleled by enzymatic reactions which can lead to both, increases and decreases in certain AGEs. In addition, mechanistic findings established under the harsh conditions of food processing might not be valid under physiological conditions. The present review critically discusses the relevant alpha-dicarbonyl compounds as central intermediates of AGE formation in vivo with a special focus on fragmentation pathways leading to formation of amide-AGEs.
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