Journal
PLANTS-BASEL
Volume 10, Issue 9, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/plants10091884
Keywords
desiccation tolerance; DNA methylation; epigenetics; germination; histone modification; hormonal regulation; miRNA; post-germination; seeds
Categories
Funding
- Russian Science Foundation [20-16-00086]
- Russian Science Foundation [20-16-00086] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation
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The transition from seed to seedling is a critical developmental step in plants, involving massive rearrangements of gene expression programs and signaling pathways. Hormonal balance and gene regulation play key roles in this process, with abscisic acid and gibberellins being major players.
Transition from seed to seedling is one of the critical developmental steps, dramatically affecting plant growth and viability. Before plants enter the vegetative phase of their ontogenesis, massive rearrangements of signaling pathways and switching of gene expression programs are required. This results in suppression of the genes controlling seed maturation and activation of those involved in regulation of vegetative growth. At the level of hormonal regulation, these events are controlled by the balance of abscisic acid and gibberellins, although ethylene, auxins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, and jasmonates are also involved. The key players include the members of the LAFL network-the transcription factors LEAFY COTYLEDON1 and 2 (LEC 1 and 2), ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), and FUSCA3 (FUS3), as well as DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1). They are the negative regulators of seed germination and need to be suppressed before seedling development can be initiated. This repressive signal is mediated by chromatin remodeling complexes-POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2), as well as PICKLE (PKL) and PICKLE-RELATED2 (PKR2) proteins. Finally, epigenetic methylation of cytosine residues in DNA, histone post-translational modifications, and post-transcriptional downregulation of seed maturation genes with miRNA are discussed. Here, we summarize recent updates in the study of hormonal and epigenetic switches involved in regulation of the transition from seed germination to the post-germination stage.
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