Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION
Volume 23, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2021.101750
Keywords
Explosives; Octogen; Contaminated sites; Biodegradation; Bioremediation; Phytoremediation
Funding
- CSIR
- CFEES
- DRL, DRDO
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HMX, a high energy explosive, is widely used in military and other applications, but its waste causes significant environmental contamination. Therefore, studying its biodegradation is crucial, while conventional waste management practices are deemed insufficient.
Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), a high energy explosive, is used in various military and other applications like nuclear devices, rocket propellants, plastic explosives, rocket fuels, burster chargers construction, quarrying and mining. Generation and unselective disposal of HMX wastes from production sites, detonation fields and unexploded ordinance has resulted in significant environmental contamination of soil and water bodies. Due to its toxicity and persistence in the environment, the study of its biodegradation is highly desirable. Conventional HMX related waste management practices are neither environment friendly, nor cost effective. This work represents a consolidated up-to-date review on HMX, incorporating its production, environmental fate, conventional waste management techniques, and its toxicity and natural remedia-tion (phytoremediation and bioremediation) potential, which may help researchers and implementers as a ready refrence to work with the high energy explosive. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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