Journal
BIOMOLECULES
Volume 11, Issue 9, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/biom11091381
Keywords
mitochondrial activation; neuronal death; proinflammatory cytokine; nitrite; proximity ligation; ROS
Categories
Funding
- NIH [HL146832]
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The extravasation of fibrinogen during neuroinflammatory diseases like AD and TBI can lead to interactions with neuronal receptors, ultimately causing neuronal death and memory impairment.
Neuroinflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), are associated with the extravascular deposition of the fibrinogen (Fg) derivative fibrin and are accompanied with memory impairment. We found that during the hyperfibrinogenemia that typically occurs during AD and TBI, extravasated Fg was associated with amyloid beta and astrocytic cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). These effects coincided with short-term memory (STM) reduction and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms of a direct Fg-neuron interaction and its functional role in neurodegeneration are still unclear. Cultured mouse brain neurons were treated with Fg in the presence or absence of function-blockers of its receptors, PrP(C) or intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Associations of Fg with neuronal PrP(C) and ICAM-1 were characterized. The expression of proinflammatory marker interleukin 6 (IL-6) and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial superoxide, and nitrite in neurons were assessed. Fg-induced neuronal death was also evaluated. A strong association of Fg with neuronal PrP(C) and ICAM-1, accompanied with overexpression of IL-6 and enhanced generation of ROS, mitochondrial superoxide, and nitrite as well as the resulting neuronal death, was found. These effects were reduced by blocking the function of neuronal PrP(C) and ICAM-1, suggesting that the direct interaction of Fg with its neuronal receptors can induce overexpression of IL-6 and increase the generation of ROS, nitrite, and mitochondrial superoxide, ultimately leading to neuronal death. These effects can be a mechanism of neurodegeneration and the resultant memory reduction seen during TBI and AD.
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