Journal
ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
Volume 24, Issue 2, Pages 2543-2576Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01545-3
Keywords
Smallholder farming; Water scarcity; Weather resiliency; Livelihood capitals; Multinomial logistic
Funding
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
- United States Agency for International Development
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) through the Governing Oil Palm Landscapes for Sustainability project
- University of Missouri
- US Department of Agriculture under McIntire-Stennis project [MO-NRSL0893]
- US Department of Agriculture under Agricultural Research Service [58-6020-0-007]
- Government of Canada [7056890]
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Our study examines the relationship between rural livelihood capitals and smallholder farmers' resilience to water scarcity, finding that physical and natural assets, as well as human capital, play significant roles in combating water scarcity impacts.
Water scarcity poses one of the most prominent threats to the well-being of smallholder farmers around the world. We studied the association between rural livelihood capitals (natural, human, social, financial, and physical) and resilience to water scarcity. Resilience was denoted by farmers' self-reported capacity to have avoided, or adapted to, water scarcity. Proxies for livelihood capitals were collected from two-hundred farmers in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and their associations with a typology denoting water scarcity impacts analyzed with a Taylor-linearized multinomial response model. Physical and natural assets in the form of irrigation infrastructure and direct access to water sources were saliently associated with overall resilience (avoidance and adaptation) to water scarcity. Years of farming experience as a form of human capital asset was also strongly associated with resilience to water scarcity. Factors solely associated with the capacity to adapt to water scarcity were more nuanced with social capital assets showing closer associations. A household with a larger number of farm laborers had a higher likelihood of being unable to withstand water scarcity, but this relationship was reversed among those who managed larger farming areas. We discuss possible mechanisms that could have contributed to resilience, and how public policy could support smallholder farmers cope with water scarcity.
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