Effects of Cold Exposure on Performance and Skeletal Muscle Fiber in Weaned Piglets

Simple Summary Muscle fiber is the basic unit of muscle composition. The type of skeletal muscle fiber can be transformed from fast-twitch to slow-switch or vice versa by internal and external factors. Low-temperature is one of the major environmental factors that influences the growth performance of animals. However, the influence of low-temperature on weaned piglets' skeletal muscle fiber, and whether this influence is related to mitochondrial function and antioxidant capacity, has not been reported. Our results indicated that low temperature could negatively affect growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaned piglets. Moreover, evidence was provided to show that low-temperature induces a shift toward oxidative muscle fibers, which may occur through mitochondrial function regulation and increased antioxidative capacity. Low-temperature is one of the most significant risks for the animal industry. In light of this, the present study aimed to explore the effects of low-temperature on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, myofiber types and mitochondrial function in weaned piglets. A total of sixteen 21-day-old male Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire (DLY) piglets were randomly divided into a control group (CON, 26 +/- 1 degrees C) and a low-temperature group (LT, 15 +/- 1 degrees C), with eight duplicate piglets in each group. The trial period lasted for 21 days. We showed that LT not only increased the ADFI (p < 0.05), as well as increasing the diarrhea incidence and diarrhea index of weaned piglets in the early stage of the experiment (p < 0.01), but it also decreased the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM) and dry matter (DM) (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, in the LT group, the mRNA expression of MyHC IIa (p < 0.05) in longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) and MyHC I (p < 0.01) in psoas muscle (PM) were increased, while the mRNA expression of MyHC IIx in PM was decreased (p < 0.05). In addition, LT increased the mRNA expression of mitochondrial function-related genes citrate synthase (CS) and succinate dehydrogenase-b (SDHB) in LM, as well as increased the mRNA expression of CS (p < 0.05) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1b (CPT-1b) (p < 0.01) in PM. Furthermore, LT increased the T-AOC activity in serum and LM (p < 0.01), as well as increased the T-SOD activity in PM (p < 0.05). Taken together, these findings showed that low-temperature could negatively affect the growth performance and nutrient digestibility, but resulted in a shift toward oxidative muscle fibers, which may occur through mitochondrial function regulation.

Automated summary

Muscle fiber is the basic unit of muscle composition, and can be transformed by low temperature from fast-twitch to slow-switch. This study found that low temperature negatively affects growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaned piglets, while inducing a shift towards oxidative muscle fibers through mitochondrial function regulation and increased antioxidative capacity.