Journal
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
Volume 43, Issue 19, Pages 10420-10429Publisher
AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION
DOI: 10.1002/2016GL070557
Keywords
Arctic; energy budget; climate change; ocean heat content; sea ice
Categories
Funding
- Austrian Science Fund [P25260, P28818]
- ERA-CLIM2 (EU FP7 grant) [607029]
- European Commission Copernicus program, previously known as GMES program
- Copernicus Marine environment monitoring service (CMEMS)
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [P 28818] Funding Source: researchfish
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [P25260, P28818] Funding Source: Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
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Various observation- and reanalysis-based estimates of sea ice mass and ocean heat content trends imply that the energy imbalance of the Arctic climate system was similar [1.0 (0.9,1.2) Wm(-2)] to the global ocean average during the 2000-2015 period. Most of this extra heat warmed the ocean, and a comparatively small fraction went into sea ice melt. Poleward energy transports and radiation contributed to this energy increase at varying strengths. On a seasonal scale, stronger radiative energy input during summer associated with the ice-albedo feedback enhances seasonal oceanic heat uptake and sea ice melt. In return, lower sea ice extent and higher sea surface temperatures lead to enhanced heat release from the ocean during fall. This weakens meridional temperature gradients, consequently reducing atmospheric energy transports into the polar cap. The seasonal cycle of the Arctic energy budget is thus amplified, whereas the Arctic's long-term energy imbalance is close to the global mean.
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