Age-Related Changes in Left Ventricular Vortex Formation and Flow Energetics

Analysis of the cardiac vortex has been used for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology in heart diseases. However, physiological changes of the cardiac vortex with normal aging are incompletely defined. Vector flow mapping (VFM) is a novel echocardiographic technique based on Doppler and speckle tracking for analysis of the cardiac vortex. Transthoracic echocardiography and VFM analysis were performed in 100 healthy adults (33 men; age = 18-67 years). The intracardiac flow was assessed throughout the cardiac cycle. The size (cross-sectional area) and circulation (equivalent to the integral of normal component of vorticity) of the largest vortices in systole (S-vortex), early diastole (E-vortex), and late diastole (A-vortex) were measured. Peak energy loss (EL) was calculated from information of the velocity vector of intracardiac flow in systole and diastole. With normal aging, the circulation (p = 0.049) of the E-vortex decreased, while that of the A-vortex increased (both p < 0.001). E-vortex circulation correlated directly to e' (p = 0.003), A-vortex circulation correlated directly to A and a' (both p < 0.001), and S-vortex circulation correlated directly to s' (p = 0.032). Despite changes in vortex patterns, energy loss was not significantly different in older individuals. Normal aging is associated with altered intracardiac vortex patterns throughout the cardiac cycle, with the late-diastolic A-vortex becoming physiologically more dominant. Maintained energy efficiency accompanies changes in vortex patterns in aging hearts.

Automated summary

Normal aging leads to decreased circulation of the E-vortex and increased circulation of the A-vortex. The circulation of the different vortices correlated with different echocardiographic parameters. Despite changes in vortex patterns, energy loss did not significantly differ in older individuals. Maintained energy efficiency accompanies vortex pattern changes in aging hearts.