Multi-omics reveals the positive leverage of plant secondary metabolites on the gut microbiota in a non-model mammal

Background: Flavonoids are important plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) that have been widely used for their health-promoting effects. However, little is known about overall flavonoid metabolism and the interactive effects between flavonoids and the gut microbiota. The flavonoid-rich bamboo and the giant panda provide an ideal system to bridge this gap. Results: Here, integrating metabolomic and metagenomic approaches, and in vitro culture experiment, we identified 97 flavonoids in bamboo and most of them have not been identified previously; the utilization of more than 70% flavonoid monomers was attributed to gut microbiota; the variation of flavonoid in bamboo leaves and shoots shaped the seasonal microbial fluctuation. The greater the flavonoid content in the diet was, the lower microbial diversity and virulence factor, but the more cellulose-degrading species. Conclusions: Our study shows an unprecedented landscape of beneficial PSMs in a non-model mammal and reveals that PSMs remodel the gut microbiota conferring host adaptation to diet transition in an ecological context, providing a novel insight into host-microbe interaction.

Automated summary

This study identified 97 flavonoids in bamboo for the first time and found that more than 70% of flavonoid monomers were utilized by gut microbiota. The variation of flavonoids in bamboo leaves and shoots influenced seasonal microbial fluctuation, while the flavonoid content in the diet was linked to microbial diversity and the presence of specific bacterial species.