Journal
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 12, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647824
Keywords
SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; dendritic cell; macrophages; interleukin 6; tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNF-alpha; type I interferon; activation status
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Funding
- Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) through the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) [01KI2077]
- Federal State of Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany
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Research indicates that mDC and macrophages are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but do not produce the virus and show minimal changes in activation status upon infection. Infected innate immune cells do not produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting they are unlikely to be the source of the initial wave of cytokines post-SARS-CoV-2 infection.
The exact role of innate immune cells upon infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and their contribution to the formation of the corona virus-induced disease (COVID)-19 associated cytokine storm is not yet fully understood. We show that human in vitro differentiated myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) as well as M1 and M2 macrophages are susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2 but are not productively infected. Furthermore, infected mDC, M1-, and M2 macrophages show only slight changes in their activation status. Surprisingly, none of the infected innate immune cells produced the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, or interferon (IFN)-alpha. Moreover, even in co-infection experiments using different stimuli, as well as non-influenza (non-flu) or influenza A (flu) viruses, only very minor IL-6 production was induced. In summary, we conclude that mDC and macrophages are unlikely the source of the first wave of cytokines upon infection with SARS-CoV-2.
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