4.8 Review

Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation

Journal

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 12, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695484

Keywords

immunoregulation; adaptive immunity; innate immunity; cadmium; toxicity

Categories

Funding

  1. National Nature Science Foundation [81630086, 82030099, 81973078]
  2. National Key R&D Program of China [2018YFC2000700]
  3. Shanghai Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau [2018060]
  4. Shanghai Public Health System Construction Three-Year Action Plan [GWV-10.1-XK15]
  5. Major Science and Technology Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission [2019-01-07-00-01-E00059]
  6. International Cooperation Project of Guangzhou Development Zone [2017GH11]
  7. Innovative Research Team of High-Level Local Universities in Shanghai

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Cadmium, a biologically non-essential heavy metal, widely present in the environment and foods, is mainly known for its immunotoxicity, which includes modulation of immune cell activity, induction of immune responses, and alteration of antibody production.
Cadmium (Cd), a biologically non-essential heavy metal, is widespread in the environment, including the air, water, and soil, and is widely present in foods and quantum dot preparations. Cd enters the body primarily through inhalation and ingestion. Its biological half-life in humans is 10-35 years; therefore, Cd poses long-term health risks. While most studies on Cd toxicity have focused on organ and tissue damage, the immunotoxicity of Cd has drawn increasing attention recently. Cd accumulates in immune cells, modulates the function of the immune system, triggers immunological responses, and leads to diverse health problems. Cd acts as an immunotoxic agent by regulating the activity and apoptosis of immune cells, altering the secretion of immune cytokines, inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress, changing the frequency of T lymphocyte subsets, and altering the production of selective antibodies in immune cells. This review summarizes the immunological toxicity of Cd, elucidates the mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity in terms of innate immunity and adaptive immunity, and discusses potential strategies to alleviate the adverse effects of Cd on the immune system.

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