Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
Volume 8, Issue 11, Pages 961-967Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00682
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Funding
- Banting postdoctoral fellowship
- Canada First Research Excellence Fund (CFREF)
- Canada Research Chair program in the Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University in Waco, TX, USA
- Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada [326415-07]
- Western Economic Diversification Canada [6578, 6807, 000012711]
- Canada Foundation for Infrastructure
- Global Water Futures program, Canada First Research Excellence Fund
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University in Waco, TX, USA
- ENGAGE program of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
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Recent findings show that 6PPD-quinone, a transformation product of a common tire rubber antioxidant, is acutely toxic in stormwater-impacted streams. This study in Saskatoon, Canada detected 6PPD-quinone and other tire rubber-derived compounds in stormwater and snowmelt, with DPG being the most abundant. High concentrations of DPG and 6PPD-quinone were found and correlated with roads and residential land-use area.
Recent findings that 2-anilo-5-[(4-methylpentan-2-yl)amino]cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (6PPD-quinone), the transformation product of a common tire rubber antioxidant, is acutely toxic in stormwater-impacted streams has highlighted the need for a better understanding of contaminants in urban runoff. This study represents one of the first reports of 6PPD-quinone and other tire rubber-derived compounds in stormwater and snowmelt of a cold-climate Canadian city (Saskatoon, 2019-2020). Semiquantification of the five target compounds, N,N'-diphenylguanidine (DPG), N,N-dicyclohexylmethylamine (DCA), N,N'-dicyclohexylurea (DCU), 1-cyclohexyl-3-phenylurea (CPU), and 6PPD-quinone, revealed DPG was most abundant, with average concentrations of 60 mu g L-1 in stormwater and 1 mu g L-1 in snowmelt. Maximum observed concentrations of DPG were greater than 300 mu g L-1, equivalent to loadings of 15 kg from a single rain event. These concentrations of DPG represent some of the highest reported in urban runoff globally. 6PPD-Quinone was detected in 57% (12/21) of stormwater samples with a mean concentration of approximately 600 ng L-1 (2019) and greater than 80% (28/31) of snowmelt samples with mean concentrations of 80-370 ng L-1 (2019 and 2020). Concentrations of 6PPD-quinone exceeded the acute LC50 for coho salmon (0.8-1.2 mu g L-1) in greater than 20% of stormwater samples. Mass loadings of all target chemicals correlated well with roads and residential land-use area.
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