A green hydrogen economy for a renewable energy society

A hydrogen economy has long been promoted as a ground-breaking aspect of a low-carbon future. However, there is little consensus on what this future entails, with some overly concerned about lack of demand and others disregarding hydrogen's limitations. Here, we fill the need for a comprehensive definition of the 'hydrogen economy' and illustrate a vision in which hydrogen will primarily be used for decarbonization where no alternative exists. We propose a three-phase implementation plan for hydrogen into the industrial sector as a chemical feedstock, the transportation sector for long-range, heavy-duty vehicles, the buildings sector for heat, and the power sector for seasonal storage. We find that hydrogen will not be the largest energy economy, but with a projected need of 2.3 Gt H-2 annually, it can decarbonize around 18% of energy-related sectors. In the long-term, hydrogen can complement renewable electricity and be the keystone to a 100% renewable future.

Automated summary

The concept of a hydrogen economy as part of a low-carbon future has been long promoted, but there is little agreement on its exact implications. Research suggests that hydrogen can play a significant role in decarbonization across various sectors such as industry, transportation, buildings, and power.