4.5 Article

2-Mercaptomethyl Thiazolidines (MMTZs) Inhibit All Metallo-β-Lactamase Classes by Maintaining a Conserved Binding Mode

Journal

ACS INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Volume 7, Issue 9, Pages 2697-2706

Publisher

AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00194

Keywords

antibiotic resistance; beta-lactamases; inhibitors; carbapenemase

Funding

  1. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) [R01AI063517, R01AI072219, R01AI100560, R01 AI130060, AI117211]
  2. Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs [1I01BX001974]
  3. Biomedical Laboratory Research & Development Service of the VA Office of Research and Development
  4. Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center [VISN 10]
  5. Comision Academica de Posgrado (CAP-Udelar)
  6. Comision Sectorial de Investigacion Cientifica (CSIC) [S2021INIC2019]
  7. ANPCyT [PICT-2016-1657]
  8. CONICET

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The study demonstrates that 2-mercaptomethyl thiazolidines (MMTZs) inhibit metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) from different subclasses, enhancing the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics against resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The inhibition involves direct interaction of MMTZ thiol with the zinc centers of MBLs, and the stereochemistry at chiral centers plays a critical role in the potency of the inhibitors. Computational studies suggest that MMTZs can inhibit all MBL classes by maintaining conserved binding modes through different routes.
Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production in Gram-negative bacteria is an important contributor to beta-lactam antibiotic resistance. Combining beta-lactams with beta-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) is a validated route to overcoming resistance, but MBL inhibitors are not available in the clinic. On the basis of zinc utilization and sequence, MBLs are divided into three subclasses, B1, B2, and B3, whose differing active-site architectures hinder development of BLIs capable of crossclass MBL inhibition. We previously described 2-mercaptomethyl thiazolidines (MMTZs) as B1 MBL inhibitors (e.g., NDM-1) and here show that inhibition extends to the clinically relevant B2 (Sfh-I) and B3 (L1) enzymes. MMTZs inhibit purified MBLs in vitro (e.g., Sfh-I, K-i 0.16 mu M) and potentiate beta-lactam activity against producer strains. X-ray crystallography reveals that inhibition involves direct interaction of the MMTZ thiol with the mono- or dizinc centers of Sfh-I/L1, respectively. This is further enhanced by sulfur-pi interactions with a conserved active site tryptophan. Computational studies reveal that the stereochemistry at chiral centers is critical, showing less potent MMTZ stereoisomers (up to 800-fold) as unable to replicate sulfur-pi interactions in Sfh-I, largely through steric constraints in a compact active site. Furthermore, in silico replacement of the thiazolidine sulfur with oxygen (forming an oxazolidine) resulted in less favorable aromatic interactions with B2 MBLs, though the effect is less than that previously observed for the subclass B1 enzyme NDM-1. In the B3 enzyme L1, these effects are offset by additional MMTZ interactions with the protein main chain. MMTZs can therefore inhibit all MBL classes by maintaining conserved binding modes through different routes.

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