Brooding comatulids from the southwestern Atlantic, Argentina (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)

Isometra vivipara and Phrixometra nutrix are two brooding feather stars (order Comatulida) that are widely distributed along the southern tip of South America to the Antarctic. We examined 210 specimens of I. vivipara and 38 specimens of P.nutrix collected during five cruises in the southwestern Atlantic between 91 and 642 m depth. Specimens were analyzed and deposited in the National Invertebrate collection, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia. Isometravivipara reaches an arm length of 49 mm long and shows two stages of brooding: in the female genital pinnules and on the cirri of the mother. In this paper, we propose that spermatozoa reach the ovary via the ambulacral groove. By contrast, P. nutrix is smaller with a maximum recorded size of 26.8 mm, and brooding occurs only inside the female genital pinnules. Here, we record, for the first time for P.nutrix, spermatozoa shape and a cleaved egg attached externally to a genital pinnule of a female. The distributions of both species and their abundances in some areas could be related to their doliolaria larval stage. In addition, we extend the bathymetric range of P.nutrix to 512 m in Marine Protected Area Namuncura/Burdwood Bank and distribution to the Mar del Plata Submarine Canyon area. We also propose mode of reproduction and developmental patterns as attributes for identification and possible explanations for their differences in distribution.

Automated summary

Isometra vivipara and Phrixometra nutrix are examined in this study, with differences observed in their brooding methods and reproductive structures, particularly the smaller size of P.nutrix. The distribution range of P.nutrix has been extended, and new insights have been proposed for their reproductive modes.