Inflammatory Cytokines, Immune Cells, and Organ Interactions in Heart Failure

Despite mounting evidence demonstrating the significance of inflammation in the pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure (HF), most large clinical trials that target the inflammatory responses in HF yielded neutral or even worsening outcomes. Further in-depth understanding about the roles of inflammation in the pathogenesis of HF is eagerly needed. This review summarizes cytokines, cardiac infiltrating immune cells, and extracardiac organs that orchestrate the complex inflammatory responses in HF and highlights emerging therapeutic targets.

Automated summary

Despite the growing evidence of the importance of inflammation in the pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure, most clinical trials targeting inflammatory responses in HF have yielded neutral or worsening outcomes. Further research is needed to better understand the role of inflammation in HF pathogenesis and to identify new therapeutic targets.