Journal
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
Volume 12, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682111
Keywords
biofilm; colony biofilm; aggregate biofilm; Clostridioides difficile; proteomics; cell surface antigens; RpoN signaling
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Funding
- Federal State of Lower Saxony, Niedersachsisches Vorab [VWZN2889]
- Federal State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [UG 14 001]
- Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF) [0315833B]
- DFG (German Research Foundation) [393148499]
- Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Greifswald
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The anaerobic pathogen Clostridioides difficile is capable of forming highly resistant endospores in unfavorable conditions. A proteomics approach revealed significant differences in cell surface proteins and enzymes related to energy and stress metabolism in different forms of biofilm-like growth. The data also indicated the induction of the sigma factor SigL/RpoN in aggregate biofilms, suggesting its important role in biofilm formation.
The anaerobic pathogen Clostridioides difficile is perfectly equipped to survive and persist inside the mammalian intestine. When facing unfavorable conditions C. difficile is able to form highly resistant endospores. Likewise, biofilms are currently discussed as form of persistence. Here a comprehensive proteomics approach was applied to investigate the molecular processes of C. difficile strain 630 Delta erm underlying biofilm formation. The comparison of the proteome from two different forms of biofilm-like growth, namely aggregate biofilms and colonies on agar plates, revealed major differences in the formation of cell surface proteins, as well as enzymes of its energy and stress metabolism. For instance, while the obtained data suggest that aggregate biofilm cells express both flagella, type IV pili and enzymes required for biosynthesis of cell-surface polysaccharides, the S-layer protein SlpA and most cell wall proteins (CWPs) encoded adjacent to SlpA were detected in significantly lower amounts in aggregate biofilm cells than in colony biofilms. Moreover, the obtained data suggested that aggregate biofilm cells are rather actively growing cells while colony biofilm cells most likely severely suffer from a lack of reductive equivalents what requires induction of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and C. difficile's V-type ATPase to maintain cell homeostasis. In agreement with this, aggregate biofilm cells, in contrast to colony biofilm cells, neither induced toxin nor spore production. Finally, the data revealed that the sigma factor SigL/RpoN and its dependent regulators are noticeably induced in aggregate biofilms suggesting an important role of SigL/RpoN in aggregate biofilm formation.
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