Journal
REMOTE SENSING
Volume 13, Issue 14, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/rs13142817
Keywords
chlorophyll-a; Java coastal upwelling; southeastern tropical Indian Ocean; seasonal variability; intraseasonal variability; interannual variability; trend; Kelvin waves; mesoscale eddy
Categories
Funding
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2017YFC1404201]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [42076023, 42076024]
- MNR Program on Global Change and Air-Sea interactions [GASI-04-WLHY-03]
- China-Indonesia Maritime Cooperation Fund: Construction of ICCOC and Joint Observation Stations
- NASA through the University of Maryland, College Park [80NSSC18K0777, NNX17AE79A]
- NASA [NNX17AE79A, 1001722] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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The high sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration along the southern coast of Java is primarily influenced by monsoon-driven upwelling and rainfall in the Indian Ocean and Indonesian seas sides. Local Ekman pumping plays a secondary role, while ocean rainfall input has little effect.
The southern coast of Java is known as one of the most productive fishing grounds for tuna, feeding by nutrient-rich water along the coast caused by the subsurface water upwelling. This primary productivity can be evidenced by the high sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration (SSC). Based on satellite remote sensing products, we investigate the multi-scale variability in SSC along the Sumatra-Java coast. The results show that seasonal variability of SSCs is primarily due to monsoon-driven upwelling and rainfall in the Indian Ocean and Indonesian seas sides of the Sumatra and Java Islands, respectively. Local Ekman pumping plays a secondary role, while rainfall input to the ocean has little effect. Coastally trapped Kelvin waves and mesoscale eddies are responsible for the intraseasonal SSC anomalies in regions along the south coast of Java and off the Sunda and Lombok Straits, respectively. The interannual variability in SSC is caused by the anomalous upwelling related to the Indian Ocean Dipole. There was a weak increasing trend of similar to 0.1-0.2 mg/m(3) per decade, above the global averaged trend, which may be related to enhanced local Ekman pumping. These analyses provide an overall description of SSC variations based on satellite observations; however, further investigations based on in situ observations are needed to achieve better quantification.
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