Viscoelastic Behaviour of Flexible Thermoplastic Polyurethane Additively Manufactured Parts: Influence of Inner-Structure Design Factors

Material extrusion based additive manufacturing is used to make three dimensional parts by means of layer-upon-layer deposition. There is a growing variety of polymers that can be processed with material extrusion. Thermoplastic polyurethanes allow manufacturing flexible parts that can be used in soft robotics, wearables and flexible electronics applications. Moreover, these flexible materials also present a certain degree of viscoelasticity. One of the main drawbacks of material extrusion is that decisions related to specific manufacturing configurations, such as the inner-structure design, shall affect the final mechanical behaviour of the flexible part. In this study, the influence of inner-structure design factors upon the viscoelastic relaxation modulus, E(t), of polyurethane parts is firstly analysed. The obtained results indicate that wall thickness has a higher influence upon E(t) than other inner-design factors. Moreover, an inadequate combination of those factors could reduce E(t) to a small fraction of that expected for an equivalent moulded part. Next, a viscoelastic material model is proposed and implemented using finite element modelling. This model is based on a generalized Maxwell model and contemplates the inner-structure design. The results show the viability of this approach to model the mechanical behaviour of parts manufactured with material extrusion additive manufacturing.

Automated summary

Material extrusion additive manufacturing is used to produce flexible parts for soft robotics, wearables, and flexible electronics applications using thermoplastic polyurethanes. Inner-structure design factors have a significant impact on the viscoelastic relaxation modulus of polyurethane parts, with wall thickness being more influential than other design factors. A viscoelastic material model based on a generalized Maxwell model has been proposed and implemented to accurately predict the mechanical behavior of parts manufactured with material extrusion.