4.6 Article

Ginsenoside compound K ameliorates palmitate-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes via promyogenic effects and AMPK/autophagy-mediated suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress

Journal

JOURNAL OF GINSENG RESEARCH
Volume 46, Issue 3, Pages 444-453

Publisher

KOREAN SOC GINSENG
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.09.002

Keywords

Compound K; AMPK; Autophagy; ER stress; Myogenesis; Sarcopenia

Funding

  1. National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Korea government (MSIT) [2019R1A2C4070189]
  2. Chung-Ang Research Scholarship Grants of 2020

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In this study, Compound K (CK) was found to prevent lipid-induced skeletal muscle apoptosis via AMPK/autophagy-mediated attenuation of ER stress and induction of myoblast differentiation. Therefore, CK may be suggested as a potential therapeutic approach for treating muscle-wasting conditions associated with obesity.
Background: Compound K (CK) is among the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside group, which produces multiple pharmacological effects. Herein, we examined the effects of CK on muscle atrophy under hyperlipidemic conditions along with its pro-myogenic effects. Further, the molecular pathways underlying the effects of CK on skeletal muscle have been justified. Methods: C2C12 myotubes were treated with palmitate and CK. C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated using CK for 4-5 days. For the in vivo experiments, CK was administered to mice fed on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. The protein expression levels were analyzed using western blotting analysis. Target protein suppression was performed using small interfering (si) RNA transfection. Histological examination was performed using Jenner-Giemsa and H&E staining techniques. Results: CK treatment attenuated ER stress markers, such as eIF2a phosphorylation and CHOP expression and impaired myotube formation in palmitate-treated C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscle of mice fed on HFD. CK treatment augmented AMPK along with autophagy markers in skeletal muscle cells in vitro and in vivo experiments. AMPK siRNA or 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, abrogated the impacts of CK in C2C12 myotubes. CK treatment augmented p38 and Akt phosphorylation, leading to an enhancement of C2C12 myogenesis. However, AMPK siRNA abolished the effects of CK in C2C12 myoblasts. Conclusion: These findings denote that CK prevents lipid-induced skeletal muscle apoptosis via AMPK/ autophagy-mediated attenuation of ER stress and induction of myoblast differentiation. Therefore, we may suggest the use of CK as a potential therapeutic approach for treating muscle-wasting conditions associated with obesity. (c) 2021 The Korean Society of Ginseng. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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