4.3 Review

Wastewater Valorization: Practice around the World at Pilot- and Full-Scale

Publisher

MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189466

Keywords

wastewater; valorization; recycling; reuse; resource recovery; sludge

Funding

  1. FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, I.P. [Beer2BioPol-PTDC/BTA-BTA/31746/2017, GReAT-PTDC/BTA-BTA/29970/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029970)]
  2. FCT under Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences-UCIBIO [UIDP/04378/2020, UIDB/04378/2020]
  3. FCT under Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy-i4HB [LA/P/0140/2020]
  4. FCT under CBQF [UIDB/50016/2020]

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Water resource recovery facilities, formerly known as wastewater treatment plants, play a crucial role in promoting circular economy by recovering valuable resources from wastewater streams. This review highlights various strategies and technologies used to valorize sewage and sewage sludge, covering a wide range of resources such as water, biomass, energy, and nutrients. Additionally, it discusses guidelines and regulations worldwide related to water reuse and resource valorization.
Over the last few years, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been rebranded as water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs), which recognize the resource recovery potential that exists in wastewater streams. WRRFs contribute to a circular economy by not only producing clean water but by recovering valuable resources such as nutrients, energy, and other bio-based materials. To this aim, huge efforts in technological progress have been made to valorize sewage and sewage sludge, transforming them into valuable resources. This review summarizes some of the widely used and effective strategies applied at pilot- and full-scale settings in order to valorize the wastewater treatment process. An overview of the different technologies applied in the water and sludge line is presented, covering a broad range of resources, i.e., water, biomass, energy, nutrients, volatile fatty acids (VFA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and exopolymeric substances (EPS). Moreover, guidelines and regulations around the world related to water reuse and resource valorization are reviewed.

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