4.7 Review

Conservation of Waterlogged Wood-Past, Present and Future Perspectives

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Article Archaeology

Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of Iron-Tannin Precipitates in Waterlogged Archaeological Oak

Ake Henrik-Klemens et al.

Summary: Iron-tannin precipitates were identified in waterlogged oak timber, showing their presence in wood fibers and cell walls and their difficulty in extraction. Further exploration of tannin chemistry in waterlogged oak is needed to understand the mechanism of iron accumulation in wood and to correctly treat and preserve cultural heritage.

STUDIES IN CONSERVATION (2022)

Article Archaeology

Spectrophotometric Determination of PEG in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood and Impregnation Solutions

Mariusz Fejfer et al.

Summary: The study successfully determined the content of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 in impregnated archaeological wood using a spectrophotometric method with bismuth subnitrate (BiONO3), demonstrating high sensitivity and precision. Repeatability and selectivity towards PEG 4000 in a mixture containing PEG 300 were confirmed, and the applicability of the PEG 2000 quantitative determination method was also validated.

STUDIES IN CONSERVATION (2021)

Article Geography, Physical

The Shigir idol in the context of early art in Eurasia

Thomas Terberger et al.

Summary: The Shigir Idol, discovered in 1890 in a peat bog, is dated close to the beginning of the Holocene based on recent AMS results, making it the earliest monumental wooden sculpture in the world. The complex structure and symbolic expression of the figure demonstrate the artistic expression of hunter-gatherers at that time. The elements of the Shigir sculpture fit better with the Late Glacial to Early Mesolithic art in Eurasia than expected, confirming its early date.

QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL (2021)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Pickering Emulsions Based on Wax and Halloysite Nanotubes: An Ecofriendly Protocol for the Treatment of Archeological Woods

Lorenzo Lisuzzo et al.

Summary: A novel green protocol has been developed for the consolidation and protection of waterlogged archeological woods using wax microparticles, in which halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) based Pickering emulsions were designed. The prepared hybrid systems showed improved mechanical performance and thermal properties, demonstrating potential for the preservation of wooden artworks and shipwrecks.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

Article Materials Science, Paper & Wood

An aqueous approach to functionalize waterlogged archaeological wood followed by improved surface-initiated ARGET ATRP for maintaining dimensional stability

Yihang Zhou et al.

Summary: A novel functionalization method for initiator immobilization in water or water/ethanol solution and an improved thermo-initiated ARGET ATRP system were proposed to achieve dimensional stability of waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). The described approach demonstrated satisfying uniformity and dimensional stability, providing potential reference for material designs and applications in other lignocellulosic materials.

CELLULOSE (2021)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Thermal modification of wood-a review: chemical changes and hygroscopicity

Callum Hill et al.

Summary: This paper reviews the influence of cell wall moisture content during thermal modification process on the properties of thermally modified timber (TMT). It compares TMT modified under dry and wet conditions, analyzing the role of hydroxyl groups, cell wall polymer mobility, and crosslinking in sorption behavior. The study also raises questions regarding the role of OH groups in sorption behavior based on the changes observed in TMT after water leaching post-treatment.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE (2021)

Article Forestry

Interactions between Different Organosilicons and Archaeological Waterlogged Wood Evaluated by Infrared Spectroscopy

Carmen-Mihaela Popescu et al.

Summary: This study aimed to characterize the chemical interactions between waterlogged archaeological wood and organosilicon compounds for conservation, showing that alkoxysilanes have stronger interactions with wood compared to siloxane, suggesting different mechanisms for wood stabilization. Through analyzing the structural changes and reactivity of the applied chemicals, it was found that alkoxysilanes bulk the cell wall and modify wood chemistry, while siloxane fills the cell lumina in the stabilization of waterlogged wood.

FORESTS (2021)

Article Forestry

The effect of the drying method on the cell wall structure and sorption properties of waterlogged archaeological wood

Magdalena Broda et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the influence of different drying conditions on the relationships between cell wall structure, dimensional stability, and sorption properties of degraded archaeological wood. The results showed that different drying methods significantly affected the structure, dimensions, and sorption properties of the wood, but no correlations were found between wood structure and moisture behavior.

WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Terpene polyacrylate TPA5 shows favorable molecular hydrodynamic properties as a potential bioinspired archaeological wood consolidant

Michelle Cutajar et al.

Summary: A novel polyhydroxylated monomer was synthesized from sustainable terpene feedstock derived from pine trees and used to prepare a polymer for wood consolidation purposes. Extensive characterization revealed the polymer's elongated shape, hydrogen bonding potential, and suitable molecular weight for further consideration as a potential consolidant.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

Review Forestry

Gap-Fillers for Wooden Artefacts Exposed Outdoors-A Review

Magdalena Broda et al.

Summary: Conservation of wooden artefacts exposed outdoors is challenging due to factors like weather conditions and biological degradation. Filling compounds must protect against degradation and adapt to changes in wood dimensions. Natural and synthetic materials are used, with composite materials based on natural polymers showing promise for effective protection.

FORESTS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Cellulose and Lignin Nano-Scale Consolidants for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

Federica Antonelli et al.

FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY (2020)

Article Thermodynamics

Halloysite nanotubes/pluronic nanocomposites for waterlogged archeological wood: thermal stability and X-ray microtomography

Filippo Parisi et al.

JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Halloysite Nanotubes: Interfacial Properties and Applications in Cultural Heritage

Giuseppe Cavallaro et al.

LANGMUIR (2020)

Article Humanities, Multidisciplinary

Oxidative degradation of archaeological wood and the effect of alum, iron and calcium salts

Caitlin M. A. McQueen et al.

HERITAGE SCIENCE (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Microbiota in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood: Use of Next-Generation Sequencing to Evaluate the Risk of Biodegradation

Federica Antonelli et al.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Natural Compounds for Wood Protection against Fungi-A Review

Magdalena Broda

MOLECULES (2020)

Article Biophysics

Tert-butyldimethylsilyl chitosan synthesis and characterization by analytical ultracentrifugation, for archaeological wood conservation

Jennifer M. K. Wakefield et al.

EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL WITH BIOPHYSICS LETTERS (2020)

Article Biophysics

Aminoethyl substitution enhances the self-assembly properties of an aminocellulose as a potential archaeological wood consolidant

Jennifer M. K. Wakefield et al.

EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL WITH BIOPHYSICS LETTERS (2020)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Biological oxidation of sulfur compounds in artificially degraded wood

Magdalena Albelda Berenguer et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2019)

Article Archaeology

A comparative study of reinforcement materials for waterlogged wood relics in laboratory

Luqi Liu et al.

JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (2019)

Article Forestry

Volatile compounds of archaeological wood from the ancient harbor Thedosius in Istanbul

M. Balaban-Ucar et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS (2019)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Correlation between sulfur accumulation and microbial wood degradation on shipwreck timbers

Charlotte Gjelstrup Bjordal et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2019)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Halloysite Nanotubes Loaded with Calcium Hydroxide: Alkaline Fillers for the Deacidification of Waterlogged Archeological Woods

Giuseppe Cavallaro et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2018)

Review Chemistry, Physical

An assembly of organic-inorganic composites using halloysite clay nanotubes

Giuseppe Lazzara et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN COLLOID & INTERFACE SCIENCE (2018)

Article Biophysics

Controlled depolymerisation assessed by analytical ultracentrifugation of low molecular weight chitosan for use in archaeological conservation

Jennifer M. K. Wakefield et al.

EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL WITH BIOPHYSICS LETTERS (2018)

Article Forestry

Strength properties of Scots pine from harbour piles degraded by erosion bacteria

D. Lukowsky et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS (2018)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Dimensional stability and hygroscopic properties of waterlogged archaeological wood treated with alkoxysilanes

Magdalena Broda et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2018)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Protective effect of linseed oil varnish on archaeological wood treated with alum

Jeannette Jacqueline Lucejko et al.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Identification of inorganic compounds in composite alum-treated wooden artefacts from the Oseberg collection

Caitlin M. A. McQueen et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2018)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Biological effectiveness of archaeological oak wood treated with methyltrimethoxysilane and PEG against Brown-rot fungi and moulds

Magdalena Broda

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2018)

Article Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical

Visualization of Magnetization Transfer Effect in Polyethylene Glycol Impregnated Waterlogged Wood

Yuki Kanazawa et al.

APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE (2017)

Article Archaeology

Mechanical strength studies on degraded waterlogged wood treated with sugars

Adeem Tahira et al.

STUDIES IN CONSERVATION (2017)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Potential of pyrolysis-GC-MS molecular fingerprint as a proxy of Modern Age Iberian shipwreck wood preservation

Mohamed Traore et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2017)

Article Archaeology

Application of methyltrimethoxysilane to increase dimensional stability of waterlogged wood

Magdalena Broda et al.

JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (2017)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Hybrid nanocomposites made of diol-modified silanes and nanostructured calcium hydroxide. Applications to Alum-treated wood

Fabrizio Andriulo et al.

PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY (2017)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

In situ polymerisation of isoeugenol as a green consolidation method for waterlogged archaeological wood

Emily McHale et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2017)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Chemical characterisation of the whole plant cell wall of archaeological wood: an integrated approach

Luca Zoia et al.

ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2017)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

The use of chitosan in protecting wooden artifacts from damage by mold fungi

Rehab El-Gamal et al.

ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (2016)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Combined pyrolysis-based techniques to evaluate the state of preservation of archaeological wood in the presence of consolidating agents

Diego Tamburini et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2016)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Calcium hydroxide nanoparticles from solvothermal reaction for the deacidification of degraded waterlogged wood

Giovanna Poggi et al.

JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE (2016)

Article Archaeology

Characterization of archaeological waterlogged wooden objects exposed on the hyper-saline Dead Sea shore

Asaf Oron et al.

JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE-REPORTS (2016)

Review Instruments & Instrumentation

Analytical Instrumental Techniques to Study Archaeological Wood Degradation

Jeannette Jacqueline Lucejko et al.

APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS (2015)

Article Archaeology

Identification and conservation of a Neolithic polypore

Rie Endo et al.

JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (2015)

Article Anthropology

New insights on the wooden weapons from the Paleolithic site of Schoningen

Werner H. Schoch et al.

JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION (2015)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Snapshots of lignin oxidation and depolymerization in archaeological wood: an EGA-MS study

Diego Tamburini et al.

JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (2015)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Measuring the chemical composition of waterlogged decayed wood by near infrared spectroscopy

Elisa Pecoraro et al.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2015)

Article Archaeology

Iron removal from waterlogged wood: Extraction by electrophoresis and chemical treatments

Charlene Pele et al.

STUDIES IN CONSERVATION (2015)

Article Humanities, Multidisciplinary

TREATMENT OF WATERLOGGED ARCHAEOLOGICAL WOOD USING CHITOSAN- AND MODIFIED CHITOSAN SOLUTIONS. PART I: CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY AND MICROSTRUCTURE

Mikkel Christensen et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR CONSERVATION (2015)

Article Archaeology

Characterization and dating of waterlogged woods from an ancient harbor in Italy

Francesca Lionetto et al.

JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (2014)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Multifunctional supramolecular polymer networks as next-generation consolidants for archaeological wood conservation

Zarah Walsh et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2014)

Article Archaeology

Conservation of chemically degraded waterlogged wood with sugars

Anthony Kennedy et al.

STUDIES IN CONSERVATION (2014)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Oxygen consumption by conserved archaeological wood

Martin N. Mortensen et al.

ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2013)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Ferrofluid based on polyethylene glycol-coated iron oxide nanoparticles: Characterization and properties

Sonia Garcia-Jimeno et al.

COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS (2013)

Article Polymer Science

Synthesis of hydroxylated oligoamides for their use in wood conservation

Giacomo Cipriani et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE (2013)

Article Archaeology

Cellulose degradation in the Vasa: The role of acids and rust

Dina Dedic et al.

STUDIES IN CONSERVATION (2013)

Article Archaeology

Study of Fe(II) sulphides in waterlogged archaeological wood

Celine Remazeilles et al.

STUDIES IN CONSERVATION (2013)

Article Microbiology

Sunken woods on the ocean floor provide diverse specialized habitats for microorganisms

Sonja K. Fagervold et al.

FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY (2012)

Article Anthropology

Tetraethylene glycol thermooxidation and the influence of certain compounds relevant to conserved archaeological wood

Martin Nordvig Mortensen et al.

JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE (2012)

Article Archaeology

The presence of sulfuric acid in alum-conserved wood - Origin and consequences

Susan Braovac et al.

JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (2012)

Article Archaeology

Evaluation of bacterial wood degradation by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) measurements

Jana Gelbrich et al.

JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (2012)

Article Archaeology

Microbial degradation of waterlogged archaeological wood

Charlotte Gjelstrup Bjordal

JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (2012)

Article Archaeology

The Vasa experience with polyethylene glycol: A conservator's perspective

Emma Hocker et al.

JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (2012)

Article Archaeology

Conservation and in situ preservation of wooden shipwrecks from marine environments

David Gregory et al.

JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (2012)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Formation of reactive impurities in aqueous and neat polyethylene glycol 400 and effects of antioxidants and oxidation inducers

Jeffrey N. Hemenway et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (2012)

Article Archaeology

Nydam Mose: In Situ Preservation at Work

David Gregory et al.

CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES (2012)

Article Archaeology

Laboratory Experiments as Support for Development of In Situ Conservation Methods

Jana Gelbrich et al.

CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES (2012)

Review Chemistry, Analytical

Analytical Aspects of Waterlogged Wood in Historical Shipwrecks

Yvonne Fors et al.

ANALYTICAL SCIENCES (2011)

Article Anthropology

New trials in the consolidation of waterlogged archaeological wood with different acetone-carried products

Gianna Giachi et al.

JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE (2011)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Lignocellulosic polysaccharides and lignin degradation by wood decay fungi: the relevance of nonenzymatic Fenton-based reactions

Valdeir Arantes et al.

JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY (2011)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Effects of burial of Quercus spp. wood aged 5910 ± 250 BP on sorption and thermodynamic properties

L. G. Esteban et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2010)

Article Polymer Science

Cellulose as a Renewable Resource for the Synthesis of Wood Consolidants

Giacomo Cipriani et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE (2010)

Article Anthropology

Wet charred wood: a preliminary study of the material and its conservation treatments

Metaxia Triantafyllou et al.

JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE (2010)

Article Anthropology

Physical and mechanical properties of waterlogged wood treated with hydrolyzed feather keratin

Rie Endo et al.

JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE (2010)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Effect of Molecular Weight, Temperature, and Additives on the Moisture Sorption Properties of Polyethylene Glycol

Jared A. Baird et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (2010)

Article Thermodynamics

Thermogravimetric analysis

D. I. Donato et al.

JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY (2010)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Characterization of waterlogged wood by NMR and GPC techniques

A. Salanti et al.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2010)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Characterisation of archaeological waterlogged wood by pyrolytic and mass spectrometric techniques

Jeannette J. Lucejko et al.

ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA (2009)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopic study of a Neolithic waterlogged wood assemblage

M. Petrou et al.

ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2009)

Article Anthropology

Investigating the processes necessary for satisfactory freeze-drying of waterlogged archaeological wood

Samuel P. P. Jones et al.

JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE (2009)

Article Anthropology

Shape recovery of collapsed archaeological wood ware with active alkali-urea treatment

Chen Jiachang et al.

JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE (2009)

Review Chemistry, Physical

C-13 high-resolution solid-state NMR for structural elucidation of archaeological woods

M. Bardet et al.

PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (2009)

Article Archaeology

Use of Silanol-Terminated Polydimethylsiloxane in the Conservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

Panayiotis K. Kavvouras et al.

STUDIES IN CONSERVATION (2009)

Article Forestry

Degradation of polyethylene glycol and hemicellulose in the Vasa

Gunnar Almkvist et al.

HOLZFORSCHUNG (2008)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Burial conditions and wood degradation at archaeological sites in the Netherlands

D. J. Huisman et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2008)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Studying bacterial wood decay under low oxygen conditions - results of microcosm experiments

E. I. Kretschmar et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2008)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

The use of kapok fibres for enrichment cultures of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria

Thomas Nilsson et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2008)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Culturing erosion bacteria: Procedures for obtaining purer cultures and pure strains

Thomas Nilsson et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2008)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Bacterial diversity associated with archaeological waterlogged wood: Ribosomal RNA clone libraries and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)

Eleanor T. Landy et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2008)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Bacterial decay in wooden foundation piles-patterns and causes: A study of historical pile foundations in the Netherlands

Rene K. W. M. Klaassen

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2008)

Article Anthropology

Reburial of shipwrecks in marine sediments:: a long-term study on wood degradation

Charlotte Gjelstrup Bjoerdal et al.

JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE (2008)

Article Anthropology

Dimensional stability of waterlogged wood treated with hydrolyzed feather keratin

Rie Endo et al.

JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE (2008)

Review Microbiology

The ecology and biotechnology of sulphate-reducing bacteria

Gerard Muyzer et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2008)

Article Archaeology

Determination of maximum freeze drying temperature for PEG-impregnated archaeological wood

Ulrich Schnell et al.

STUDIES IN CONSERVATION (2007)

Article Spectroscopy

Waterlogged archaeological wood - chemical changes by conservation and degradation

M. Christensen et al.

JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY (2006)

Article Archaeology

Dynamic model for vacuum freeze-drying of waterlogged archaeological wooden artefacts

P. Jensen et al.

JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (2006)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Conservation of acid waterlogged shipwrecks: nanotechnologies for de-acidification

R. Giorgi et al.

APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING (2006)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Veratryl alcohol degradation by a catechol-driven Fenton reaction as lignin oxidation by brown-rot fungi model

D Contreras et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2006)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sulfur and iron in shipwrecks cause conservation concerns

Y Fors et al.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2006)

Article Forestry

Extraction of iron compounds from wood from the Vasa

Gunnar Almkvist et al.

HOLZFORSCHUNG (2006)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Waterlogged archaeological wood - a substrate for white rot fungi during drainage of wetlands

CG Bjordal et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2002)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Depth of burial, an important factor in controlling bacterial decay of waterlogged archaeological poles

CG Bjordal et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2000)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

A review of microbial deterioration found in archaeological wood from different environments

RA Blanchette

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2000)