Journal
BRITISH JOURNAL OF GENERAL PRACTICE
Volume 65, Issue 631, Pages E106-E113Publisher
ROYAL COLL GENERAL PRACTITIONERS
DOI: 10.3399/bjgp15X683545
Keywords
blood tests; diagnosis; hypercalcaemia; leucopenia; multiple myeloma; primary health care
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Funding
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) [RP-PG-0608-10045]
- NIHR Clinician Scientist award
- Public Health Wales and Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board
- National Institutes of Health Research (NIHR) [RP-PG-0608-10045] Funding Source: National Institutes of Health Research (NIHR)
- National Institute for Health Research [RP-PG-0608-10045] Funding Source: researchfish
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Background Patients with myeloma experience the longest diagnostic delays compared with patients with other cancers in the UK; 37% are diagnosed through emergency presentations. Aim To identify and quantify the risk of myeloma from specific clinical features reported by primary care patients. Design and setting Matched case-control study using General Practice Research Database primary care electronic records. Method Putative clinical features of myeloma were identified and analysed using conditional logistic regression. Positive predictive values (PPVs) were calculated for the consulting population. Results A total of 2703 patients aged = 40 years, diagnosed with myeloma between 2000 and 2009, and 12 157 age, sex, and general practice-matched controls were identified. Sixteen features were independently associated with myeloma: hypercalcaemia, odds ratio 11.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.1 to 18), cytopenia 5.4 (95% CI = 4.6 to 6.4), raised inflammatory markers 4.9 (95% CI = 4.2 to 5.8), fracture 3.1 (95% CI = 2.3 to 4.2), raised mean corpuscular volume 3.1 (95% CI = 2.4 to 4.1), weight loss 3.0 (95% CI = 2.0 to 4.5), nosebleeds 3.0 (95% CI = 1.9 to 4.7), rib pain 2.5 (95% CI = 1.5 to 4.4), back pain 2.2 (95% CI = 2.0 to 2.4), other bone pain 2.1 (95% CI = 1.4 to 3.1), raised creatinine 1.8 (95% CI = 1.5 to 2.2), chest pain 1.6 (95% CI = 1.4 to 1.8), joint pain 1.6 (95% CI = 1.2 to 2.2), nausea 1.5 (95% CI = 1.1 to 2.1), chest infection 1.4 (95% CI = 1.2 to 1.6), and shortness of breath 1.3 (95% CI = 1.1 to 1.5). Individual symptom PPVs were generally < 1%, although were > 10% for some symptoms when combined with leucopenia or hypercalcaemia. Conclusion Individual symptoms of myeloma in primary care are generally low risk, probably explaining diagnostic delays. Once simple primary care blood tests are taken, risk estimates change. Hypercalcaemia and leucopenia are particularly important abnormalities, and coupled with symptoms, strongly suggest myeloma.
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