Journal
NUTRIENTS
Volume 13, Issue 7, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nu13072288
Keywords
diabetes mellitus; glycaemic status; insulin; lipid profiles; vitamin D-3; vitamin E
Categories
Funding
- Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) from the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia [FRGS/2/2013/SKK10/UPM/02/11]
- Graduate Research Fellowship (GRF) from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia [UPM/SPS/GS53999]
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The study found a correlation between deficiency of vitamins D-3 and E with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D-3 deficiency was associated with abnormal blood glucose and lipid profiles, while excess plasma vitamin E levels showed significant differences in blood glucose and lipid levels. Family history, smoking, waist circumference and HbA1c levels were significantly associated with levels of vitamins D and E.
An overview of vitamins D-3 and E suggests micronutrient deficiency contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A case-control study was conducted to determine the status of plasma vitamins D-3 and E isomers amongst diabetic Malaysians. Two groups were recruited for participation, one comprising fifty diabetic subjects (DM) and one comprising fifty non-diabetic (non-DM) subjects, in order to assess their plasma vitamin D-3, calcium and vitamin E status. Glycaemic status (haemoglobin A1c, HbA1c; fasting blood glucose, FBG; C-Peptide) and lipid profiles (total cholesterol, TC; triglycerides, TG; low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C; high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C) were assessed, followed by anthropometric measurements. The Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to elucidate the association between levels of plasma vitamins D-3 and E and T2DM. The vitamin D-3 deficiency group (<20 ng/mL) showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with glycaemic status (HbA1c and FBG) and lipid profiles (HDL-C, LDL and TC). Spearman's correlation demonstrated that vitamin D-3 status is strongly correlated with HDL levels (p < 0.05). Similarly, plasma total vitamin E levels >4.9 mu g/mL revealed significantly different FBG, HbA1c, C-Peptide, LDL, HDL and TC levels across both groups. Moreover, family history, smoking, waist circumference and HbA1c levels demonstrated a significant association (p < 0.05) with levels of vitamins D and E but not FBG and lipid profiles. This could be because the pre-diabetic status among the non-DM group influenced the outcomes of this study.
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