Assessment of Foods Associated with Sodium and Potassium Intake in Japanese Youths Using the Brief-Type Self-Administered Diet History Questionnaire

The identification of sodium and potassium intake in youths is an important step to preventing the increase of blood pressure in childhood. We examined food intake and estimated mineral intake using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) to test its validity as a comparison with urinary excretion in Japanese youths. The subjects were 5th and 8th graders (n = 2377), who completed the BDHQ and permitted the use of their overnight urine specimens. Sodium intake was poorly associated with sodium excretion (Rho = 0.048), and the coefficients of dietary potassium and a sodium-to-potassium molar ratio were 0.091-0.130. Higher soybean paste (miso) intake and pickles were significantly associated with higher sodium excretion (p <= 0.005). However, these foods were positively associated with potassium excretion (p = 0.002-0.012), and not associated with an excreted sodium-to-potassium ratio. Fruits and dairy products were positively associated (p <= 0.048), whereas beverages were negatively associated with potassium excretion (p <= 0.004). The association of the sodium-to-potassium ratio was opposite to that of potassium (p <= 0.001). The choice of foods, potassium, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio assessed using the BDHQ are available as part of health education for youths, but the assessment of sodium intake in population levels should be carefully conducted.

Automated summary

It is important to identify sodium and potassium intake through methods such as the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire to prevent hypertension in children. Study findings showed that soybean paste and pickles intake were associated with higher sodium excretion but not with potassium excretion. Fruits and dairy products were positively associated with potassium excretion, while beverages were negatively associated.