COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Is More than Neutralizing Antibodies: A Narrative Review of Potential Beneficial and Detrimental Co-Factors

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Is Albumin Predictor of Mortality in COVID-19?

Francesco Violi et al.

Summary: The study suggests that HSA analysis may help identify patients with higher risk of death in COVID-19 patients, and albumin levels and age are independently associated with mortality.

ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Impact of convalescent and nonimmune plasma on mortality of patients with COVID-19: a potential role for antithrombin

Carmine Gazzaruso et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

COVID-19 and Immunological Dysregulation: Can Autoantibodies be Useful?

Simona Pascolini et al.

Summary: Auto-antibodies are frequently detected in patients with COVID-19, potentially indicating a role in immune dysregulation and a link to poor prognosis.

CTS-CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

SARS-CoV-2 infection as a trigger of autoimmune response

Maria C. Sacchi et al.

Summary: The study revealed a possible link between COVID-19 infection and autoimmune response, with patients exhibiting autoimmune response having poorer prognoses. Therefore, checking for autoimmune markers in COVID-19 patients is crucial for treatment decisions.

CTS-CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) update on epidemiology, pathogenicity, clinical course and treatments

Marko Boban

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths globally, with a mortality rate of around 5%-7%. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral therapy, but various drugs are being tested in clinical settings for treatment. Advanced support systems like mechanical ventilation are used for severe cases, but only provide temporary relief without targeted antiviral therapy.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Covid-19 and blood groups: ABO antibody levels may also matter

Marie Deleers et al.

Summary: The study found significantly lower levels of ABO antibodies in COVID-19 patients compared to controls, indicating that patients with low levels of ABO antibodies may be at a higher risk of infection.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

COVID-19 convalescent plasma composition and immunological effects in severe patients

Yeny Acosta-Ampudia et al.

Summary: Convalescent plasma treatment for severe COVID-19 patients showed improvement in immune response and metabolic status, suggesting promising therapeutic implications for further studies.

JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19-Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results

Summary: The authors of the study reported the interim results of using four repurposed antiviral drugs (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon beta-1a) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The study showed that these drug regimens had little or no effect on overall mortality, initiation of ventilation, and duration of hospital stay.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults

R. Libster et al.

Summary: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma with high IgG titers against SARS-CoV-2 in older adult patients within 72 hours after the onset of mild Covid-19 symptoms found that early administration of high-titer convalescent plasma reduced the progression of Covid-19 in mildly ill infected older adults.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Convalescent Plasma Antibody Levels and the Risk of Death from Covid-19

M. J. Joyner et al.

Summary: This study found that higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels in convalescent plasma were associated with a lower risk of death among patients hospitalized with Covid-19 who were not receiving mechanical ventilation. The association between antibody levels and mortality risk was moderated by mechanical ventilation status, with no significant effect seen in patients who had already received ventilation.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Hematology

Albumin Supplementation Dampens Hypercoagulability in COVID-19: A Preliminary Report

Francesco Violi et al.

THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS (2021)

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Editorial Material Critical Care Medicine

α1-Antitrypsin deficiency and the risk of COVID-19: an urgent call to action

Chengliang Yang et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Cytokine and Chemokine Levels in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Convalescent Plasma

Tania S. Bonny et al.

Summary: The study revealed that CCP donors have higher levels of various cytokines and chemokines in their plasma, indicating a different inflammatory state compared to healthy blood donors. CCP donors with high antibody titers also showed significant differences in the distribution of certain cytokines.

OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Intractable Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Prolonged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Replication in a Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T-Cell Therapy Recipient: A Case Study

Matthew K. Hensley et al.

Summary: This study reports a case of a recipient of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy who developed severe COVID-19 with prolonged viral replication and evolution, along with minimal immune response, suggesting the possibility of prolonged transmission from immunosuppressed patients.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Hematology

Dissemination of extreme levels of extracellular vesicles: tissue factor activity in patients with severe COVID-19

Christophe Guervilly et al.

Summary: The study found that EV-TF activity is notably increased in severe COVID-19 patients compared to moderate cases, and is associated with inflammation, disease severity, and thrombotic risk. Patients with severe COVID-19 exhibited a distinct coagulopathy profile with high EV-TF and EV-fibrinolytic activities. These findings support the need for preventive anticoagulation in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

BLOOD ADVANCES (2021)

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Review Hematology

Clinical predictors of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers in COVID-19 convalescents: Implications for convalescent plasma donor recruitment

Daniele Focosi et al.

Summary: It is essential to develop effective strategies for CCP collection, as only a minority of COVID-19 patients have high-titer neutralizing antibodies. An increasing number of individuals are becoming potential CCP donors, with the use of clinical surrogates for screening being a recommended method for ensuring CCP quality.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Antibody responses to endemic coronaviruses modulate COVID-19 convalescent plasma functionality

William R. Morgenlander et al.

Summary: This study found strong correlation between the functionality of COVID-19 convalescent plasma and polyclonal antibody targeting of specific peptides in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Antibody responses to specific coronaviruses correlated with the development of highly neutralizing antibodies against CoV-2. Plasma donations reactive to the CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain had higher neutralizing titers.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Higher albumin levels on admission predict better prognosis in patients with confirmed COVID-19

Matthew Kheir et al.

Summary: Admission serum albumin levels appear to be a predictive biomarker for outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Higher albumin levels on admission were associated with significantly fewer adverse outcomes, including less VTE events, ARDS development, ICU admissions, and readmissions within 90 days. Screening patients based on albumin levels may help identify those at risk for complications and improve preventative efforts.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Editorial Material Hematology

COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy: hit fast, hit hard!

Daniele Focosi et al.

VOX SANGUINIS (2021)

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Article Hematology

Understanding the role of therapeutic plasma exchange in COVID-19: preliminary guidance and practices

Gopal K. Patidar et al.

Summary: Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 is caused by an inflammatory response of raised cytokines. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) may help improve clinical outcomes by removing toxic cytokines and viral particles or correcting coagulopathy. Early initiation of TPE treatment can increase the chances of recovery for COVID-19 patients.

VOX SANGUINIS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Markers of Polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Convalescent Plasma

Harini Natarajan et al.

Summary: This study analyzed convalescent plasma samples and found a diverse range of antiviral activity among recovered individuals. In addition to viral neutralization, convalescent plasma samples contained antibodies with various Fc-dependent functions, providing diversified resistance against SARS-CoV-2. Some eligible donors exhibited high activity in their plasma samples, which could be accurately identified as polyfunctional with even single Fc Array features.

MBIO (2021)

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Article Immunology

High Levels of Common Cold Coronavirus Antibodies in Convalescent Plasma Are Associated With Improved Survival in COVID-19 Patients

Uri Greenbaum et al.

Summary: This study found that COVID-19 patients with higher levels of anti-HCoV-OC43 and anti-HCoV-HKU1 IgG antibodies had a higher survival rate, and these antibodies may target a common domain for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, providing a promising therapeutic target for monoclonal antibody production.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Predicting COVID-19 Severity with a Specific Nucleocapsid Antibody plus Disease Risk Factor Score

Sanjana R. Sen et al.

Summary: This study identified antibody epitopes associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes and introduced a disease risk factor score for early identification and triage of high-risk patients, showing a 96.7% specificity in predicting severe disease outcomes. This information could guide more effective therapeutic intervention for COVID-19 patients.

MSPHERE (2021)

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Review Biology

The Three Pillars of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Therapy

Massimo Franchini et al.

Summary: In this narrative review, the critical analysis focuses on three factors, known as pillars, crucial in determining the clinical effectiveness of this biologic therapy: convalescent plasma, the disease COVID-19, and the patients.

LIFE-BASEL (2021)

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Article Biology

Previous Humoral Immunity to the Endemic Seasonal Alphacoronaviruses NL63 and 229E Is Associated with Worse Clinical Outcome in COVID-19 and Suggests Original Antigenic Sin

Daniele Focosi et al.

Summary: Evidence suggests that immunity to previous alpha coronaviruses may enhance SARS CoV-2 infection, supporting the hypothesis of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). This cross-reactivity between coronaviruses could potentially impact the severity of COVID-19.

LIFE-BASEL (2021)

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Letter Immunology

Follow-up of COVID-19 patients: LA is transient but other aPLs are persistent

Olivier Vollmer et al.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Hematology

Aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG is a prothrombotic stimulus for platelets

Alexander P. Bye et al.

Summary: Critically ill patients with COVID-19 may experience thrombosis due to excessive immune response, with immune complexes containing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and anti-spike immunoglobulin G exacerbating platelet-mediated thrombosis in vitro when Fc domain glycosylation state is modified to mimic that in severe COVID-19 cases. Activation is dependent on Fc gamma RIIA, and small molecules such as R406, ibrutinib, and cangrelor may counteract pathogenic platelet activation.

BLOOD (2021)

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Review Pediatrics

The Role of Exosomes in the Treatment, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Pathogenesis of COVID-19

Elke Zani-Ruttenstock et al.

Summary: Exosomes have emerged as a potential strategy for the treatment of COVID-19, showing promising roles in anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, convalescent plasma therapy, and drug delivery. Their advantageous aspects, such as endogenous origin, ability to cross biological barriers, high stability in circulation, low toxicity, and immunogenicity have led to their extensive research and application in the treatment and diagnosis of COVID-19, as well as guiding their potential use in other clinical conditions.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Potential mechanisms of action of convalescent plasma in COVID-19

Massimo Franchini et al.

Summary: The use of convalescent plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients has gained interest due to its potential mechanisms of action, including direct neutralization of the virus, anti-inflammatory effects, and immune modulation. These mechanisms will be critically discussed in this narrative review.

DIAGNOSIS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Nature and Dimensions of Systemic Hyperinflammation and its Attenuation by Convalescent Plasma in Severe COVID-19

Purbita Bandopadhyay et al.

Summary: This study found that convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) has an anti-inflammatory role in COVID-19 patients beyond the presence of neutralizing antibodies. CPT can significantly reduce circulating interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10, leading to rapid alleviation of hypoxia.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

A multi-omics investigation of the composition and function of extracellular vesicles along the temporal trajectory of COVID-19

Sin Man Lam et al.

Summary: This study analyzed exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles from patients at different stages of COVID-19, highlighting dysregulated lipid metabolism in the hyperinflammatory phase and distinct metabolic and transcriptional responses triggered by EVs from different temporal phases in recipient cells. The results provide insights into cellular lipid metabolism and inter-tissue crosstalk at different stages of COVID-19 and contribute to understanding metabolic dysregulation in COVID-19.

NATURE METABOLISM (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lupus anticoagulant and mortality in patients hospitalized for COVID-19

Carmine Gazzaruso et al.

Summary: The study investigated the association between lupus anticoagulant and mortality in COVID-19 patients, finding no significant correlation. Factors such as obesity, low oxygen saturation, and elevated troponin levels were confirmed as predictors of a worse prognosis in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND THROMBOLYSIS (2021)

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Letter Respiratory System

Pulmonary thromboembolism post-COVID convalescent plasma therapy: adding fuel to a smoldering fire!

Vikas Marwah et al.

ADVANCES IN RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Rheumatology

Antiphospholipid antibodies in COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Muhanad Taha et al.

Summary: aPLs were detected in nearly half of patients with COVID-19, and higher prevalence of aPL was found in severe disease. However, there was no association between aPL positivity and disease outcomes including thrombosis, invasive ventilation and mortality. Further studies are required to identify the clinical and pathological role of aPL in COVID-19.

RMD OPEN (2021)

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Article Pathology