Journal
VIRUSES-BASEL
Volume 13, Issue 6, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/v13061063
Keywords
piscine; toti-like viruses; Totiviridae; phylogeny; genomic characterization
Categories
Funding
- Norwegian Centennial Chair Program (NOCC)
- Environment and Natural Resource Trust Fund
- State of Minnesota
- Norwegian research council [301083]
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Totiviridae, known for infecting unicellular organisms like fungi and protozoa, has seen the discovery of toti-like viruses in arthropods, planarians, and piscine species in recent years. Through next generation sequencing, three new toti-like viruses have been identified in common carp, bluegill, and lumpsucker. These viruses have unique genetic characteristics compared to other known piscine toti-like viruses and are proposed to form a separate genus named Pistolvirus.
Totiviridae is a virus family well known to infect uni-cellular organisms like fungi and protozoa. In more recent years, viruses characterized as toti-like viruses, have been found in primarily arthropods, but also a couple in planarians and piscine species. These toti-like viruses share phylogenetic similarities to totiviruses; however, their genomes also includes additional coding sequences in either 5 ' or 3 ' ends expected to relate to more advanced infection mechanisms in more advanced hosts. Here, we applied next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and discovered three new toti-like viruses, one in wild common carp and one in bluegill from the USA and one in farmed lumpsucker from Norway. These are named common carp toti-like virus 1 (CCTLV-1), bluegill toti-like virus 1 (BGTLV-1), and Cyclopterus lumpus toti-like virus (CLuTLV), respectively. The genomes of these viruses have been characterized and compared to the three previously known piscine toti-like viruses, piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) found in Atlantic salmon and the two from golden shiner, now named golden shiner toti-like virus 1 and 2 (GSTLV-1 and -2), and also to totiviruses and other toti-like viruses. We found that four piscine toti-like viruses had additional gene(s) in the 3 ' end of the genome, and also clustered phylogenetically based on both capsid and RdRp-genes. This cluster constituted a distant branch in the Totiviridae, and we suggest this should be defined as a separate genus named Pistolvirus, to reflect this major cluster of piscine toti-like viruses. The remaining two piscine toti-like viruses differentiated from these by lacking any additional 3 ' end genes and also by phylogenetical relation, but were both clustering with arthropod viruses in two different clusters.
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