Advances in optical phenotyping of cereal crops

Optical sensors and sensing-based phenotyping techniques have become mainstream approaches in high-throughput phenotyping for improving trait selection and genetic gains in crops. We review recent progress and contemporary applications of optical sensing-based phenotyping (OSP) techniques in cereal crops and highlight optical sensing principles for spectral response and sensor specifications. Further, we group phenotypic traits determined by OSP into four categories - morphological, biochemical, physiological, and performance traits - and illustrate appropriate sensors for each extraction. In addition to the current status, we discuss the challenges of OSP and provide possible solutions. We propose that optical sensing-based traits need to be explored further, and that standardization of the language of phenotyping and worldwide collaboration between phenotyping researchers and other fields need to be established.

Automated summary

Optical sensors and sensing-based phenotyping techniques are widely used in crop breeding to improve trait selection and genetic gains. This article reviews the recent progress and applications of optical sensing-based phenotyping in cereal crops, focusing on the principles and specifications of optical sensing. The phenotypic traits determined by optical sensing are categorized into four groups, and appropriate sensors are suggested for each category. The challenges and possible solutions of optical sensing-based phenotyping are discussed, and the need for further exploration of this technology and establishing standardization and collaboration in phenotyping research is proposed.