High throughput determination of free biogenic monoamines and their metabolites in urine using thin-film solid phase microextraction

UPLC-MS/MS methods are the gold standard for routine, high-throughput measurements of biogenic monoamines for the diagnosis of catecholamine-producing tumors. However, this cannot be achieved without employing efficient sample pretreatment methods. Therefore, two pretreatment methods, thin-film solid phase microextraction (TF-SPME) and packed fibers solid phase extraction (PFSPE), were developed and evaluated for the analysis of biogenic monoamines and their metabolites in urine. A hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) coating was chosen for the thin-film blade format SPME method and compared with a Polycrown ether (PCE) composite nanofiber used as an adsorbent for the PFSPE method. Under optimal conditions, the absolute extraction recovery and relative matrix effect of the newly developed TF-SPME method were determined to be 35.7-74.8% and 0.47-3.63%, respectively. The linearity was 0.25-500 ng mL(-1) for norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, normetanephrine 3-methoxytyramine, serotonin, histamine, and 0.1-500 ng mL(-1) for metanephrine. The intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 0.7-8.7%, and the respective accuracies were calculated to be 90.8-104.7% and 89.5-104.5% for TF-SPME. Compared with the PFSPE method, the TF-SPME method had a higher extraction efficiency, lower matrix effects and a wider linear range for eight target substances, which ensured higher accuracy of simultaneous detection of all compounds of interest. Therefore, the proposed TFSPME method can be employed for the high throughput screening for neuroendocrine tumors in a routine clinical setting and other relative research by simultaneous quantitation of urine eight biological monoamines in a single run.

Automated summary

The study developed two pretreatment methods, TF-SPME and PFSPE, for the analysis of biogenic monoamines in urine. Results showed that the TF-SPME method outperformed the PFSPE method in terms of extraction efficiency, matrix effects, and linear range, ensuring higher accuracy of simultaneous detection of all compounds of interest.