Review of performance improvement strategies for doped graphene quantum dots for fluorescence-based sensing

Doping graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with other atoms can effectively improve the optical performance of GQDs. Because of the specificity of doping, doped GQDs can be used as fluorescence sensors. In this paper, we review doping strategies to improve the performance of GQDs. These strategies include: (1) nitrogen atom doping; (2) sulfur atom doping and co-doping; (3) and doping with other atoms. The characterization and optical properties of doped GQDs are discussed and compared. The mechanism of fluorescence sensing, detection ranges and detection limits are also summarized. Finally, the future development of doped GQDs is prospected. At present, single-atom Nitrogen-doped GQDs are the most common. This review aims to expand the scope, application, and color range of doped GQDs through advances in the use of other heteroatoms and polyatomic doping. In addition, further study is needed to realize the full potential for quantum yield improvement through doping GQDs. The relevant discussion here on strategies for doped GQDs will promote their development as highyield, sensitive, selective, and tunable fluorescence sensors.

Automated summary

This paper reviews strategies for improving the performance of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) by doping them with other atoms, discussing the characterization, optical properties, fluorescence sensing mechanisms, future development directions, and the importance of increasing quantum yield. The discussion on doping strategies for GQDs here will promote their development as high-yield, sensitive, selective, and tunable fluorescence sensors.