Techno-economics and life-cycle assessment of biological and thermochemical treatment of bio-waste

The energy sector contributed to three-fourth of overall global emissions in the past decade. Biological wastes can be converted to useful energy and other byproducts via biological or thermo-chemical routes. However, issues such as techno-economic feasibility and lack of understanding on the overall lifecycle of a product have hindered commercialization. It is needed to recognize these inter-disciplinary factors. This review attempts to critically evaluate the role of technology, economics and lifecycle assessment of bio-waste in two processing types. This includes: 1. biological and, 2. thermo-chemical route. The key findings of this work are: 1. Policy support is essential for commercialization of a waste treatment technology; 2. adequate emphasis is necessary on the social dimensions in creating awareness; and 3. from a product development perspective, research should focus on industrial needs. The choice of the treatment and their commercialization depends on the regional demand of a product, policy support, and technology maturity. Utilization of bio-wastes to produce value-added products will enhance circular economy, which in turn improves sustainability.

Automated summary

The energy sector has been a major contributor to global emissions, with bio-wastes offering potential as a source of energy and byproducts. However, challenges such as technological feasibility and understanding of product lifecycles have hindered commercialization. Policy support, social awareness, and research focusing on industrial needs are crucial for the successful commercialization of bio-waste treatment technologies.