4.3 Article

The denatured state of HIV-1 protease under native conditions

Journal

PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS
Volume 90, Issue 1, Pages 96-109

Publisher

WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/prot.26189

Keywords

advanced molecular dynamics; denatured state; NMR

Funding

  1. Novo Nordisk UK Research Foundation [NNF18OC0033926]
  2. U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC52-07NA27344]
  3. Universita degli Studi di Milano [RV_PSR_SEED_2019_GTIAN]

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The denatured state of HIV-1 protease displays transient native and non-native structures under native conditions, with chemical shifts and relaxation parameters converging to similar values despite the use of different denaturants. Advanced molecular dynamics simulations have characterized the conformational properties of this biologically relevant denatured state, validating the results through comparison to experimental data.
The denatured state of several proteins has been shown to display transient structures that are relevant for folding, stability, and aggregation. To detect them by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the denatured state must be stabilized by chemical agents or changes in temperature. This makes the environment different from that experienced in biologically relevant processes. Using high-resolution heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy, we have characterized several denatured states of a monomeric variant of HIV-1 protease, which is natively structured in water, induced by different concentrations of urea, guanidinium chloride, and acetic acid. We have extrapolated the chemical shifts and the relaxation parameters to the denaturant-free denatured state at native conditions, showing that they converge to the same values. Subsequently, we characterized the conformational properties of this biologically relevant denatured state under native conditions by advanced molecular dynamics simulations and validated the results by comparison to experimental data. We show that the denatured state of HIV-1 protease under native conditions displays rich patterns of transient native and non-native structures, which could be of relevance to its guidance through a complex folding process.

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