Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 118, Issue 38, Pages -Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104105118
Keywords
North Atlantic; jet stream; ice core; Greenland; climate change
Categories
Funding
- NSF [OPP-1205196, 2041281, 0909541, 1023672, 1204176, 1406219]
- US Department of Defense Office of Naval Research National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate fellowship
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Div Atmospheric & Geospace Sciences [2041281] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Office of Polar Programs (OPP) [1023672] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Office of Polar Programs (OPP)
- Directorate For Geosciences [1406219] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The reconstruction of the North Atlantic jet stream using last-millennium climate model simulations and Greenland ice core records shows that late 20th- and early 21st-century variations were likely not unique compared to natural variability. Insights from the 1,250 year reconstruction highlight the significant role of natural variability in masking the response of midlatitude atmospheric dynamics to anthropogenic forcing. Under high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, the model projected annual mean position of the jet stream is expected to emerge as distinct from natural variability by as early as 2060 AD.
Reconstruction of the North Atlantic jet stream (NAJ) presents a critical, albeit largely unconstrained, paleoclimatic target. Models suggest northward migration and changing variance of the NAJ under 21st-century warming scenarios, but assessing the significance of such projections is hindered by a lack of long-term observations. Here, we incorporate insights from an ensemble of last-millennium water isotope-enabled climate model simulations and a wide array of mean annual water isotope (delta O-18) and annually accumulated snowfall records from Greenland ice cores to reconstruct North Atlantic zonal-mean zonal winds back to the 8th century CE. Using this reconstruction we provide preobservational constraints on both annual mean NAJ position and intensity to show that late 20th- and early 21st-century NAJ variations were likely not unique relative to natural variability. Rather, insights from our 1,250 year reconstruction highlight the overwhelming role of natural variability in thus far masking the response of midlatitude atmospheric dynamics to anthropogenic forcing, consistent with recent large-ensemble transient modeling experiments. This masking is not projected to persist under high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, however, with model projected annual mean NAJ position emerging as distinct from the range of reconstructed natural variability by as early as 2060 CE.
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