Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 118, Issue 28, Pages -Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024994118
Keywords
animal personality; macro-spatial variation; fluctuating selection; integrative fitness; local adaptation
Categories
Funding
- German Science Foundation [DI 1694/11]
- BBSRC fellowship
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research [ALWOP.2014.109, ALWOP.314]
- FWO
- UABOF
- Royal Society
- ERC Consolidator Grant [617509]
- St. Catherine's College, University of Oxford
- European Research Council (ERC) [617509] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
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The study shows that selection on exploration behavior primarily varies spatially across populations, while also varying within populations among years. Spatial variation in selection may represent a primary mechanism maintaining animal personalities and promoting local adaptation, phenotype-dependent dispersal, and nonrandom settlement. Combining multiple spatiotemporal scales is important for studying behavioral adaptation.
Heterogeneous selection is often proposed as a key mechanism maintaining repeatable behavioral variation (animal personality) in wild populations. Previous studies largely focused on temporal variation in selection within single populations. The relative importance of spatial versus temporal variation remains unexplored, despite these processes having distinct effects on local adaptation. Using data from >3,500 great tits (Parus major) and 35 nest box plots situated within five West-European populations monitored over 4 to 18 y, we show that selection on exploration behavior varies primarily spatially, across populations, and study plots within populations. Exploration was, simultaneously, selectively neutral in the average population and year. These findings imply that spatial variation in selection may represent a primary mechanism maintaining animal personalities, likely promoting the evolution of local adaptation, phenotype-dependent dispersal, and nonrandom settlement. Selection also varied within populations among years, which may counteract local adaptation. Our study underlines the importance of combining multiple spatiotemporal scales in the study of behavioral adaptation.
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