A novel olfactory threshold test for screening cognitive decline among elderly people

Olfactory impairment is associated with dementia and is a potential early biomarker of cognitive decline. We developed a novel olfactory threshold test called Sniff Bubble using rose odor-containing beads made with 2-phenylethyl alcohol. We aimed to define cut-off scores for this tool to help identify cognitive decline among elderly people. In total, 162 elderly people (mean age +/- SD: 73.04 +/- 8.73 years) were administered olfactory threshold and neurocognitive tests. For analyses, we divided the participants into two groups based on cognitive functioning, namely cognitive decline (n = 44) and normal cognition (n = 118) groups. The Sniff Bubble and YSK olfactory function test for olfactory threshold and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders-Clinician Version and Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease assessment packet for neurocognitive functioning were used. We used K-means cluster analyses and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses to identify the most appropriate cut-off value. We established a positive correlation between the Sniff Bubble and neurocognitive function test scores (r = 0.431, p < 0.001). We defined the cut-off score, using the ROC curve analyses for Sniff Bubble scores, at 3 and higher with an area under the curve of 0.759 (p < 0.001). The Sniff Bubble test can adequately detect cognitive decline in elderly people and may be used clinically as the first step in the screening process.

Automated summary

The study introduced a novel olfactory threshold test called Sniff Bubble to aid in identifying cognitive decline in elderly individuals. Through K-means cluster analyses and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, the most appropriate cut-off score was determined, demonstrating that the Sniff Bubble test can effectively detect cognitive decline in elderly people.